User:RachulAdmas/sandbox


 * Develop symbolic racism more
 * Add a little to affirmative action opposition
 * Add to racism (most prevalent form today)

Stereotype? Discrimination? Four million sub-articles?

Factors Leading to Discrimination
All from Whitley & Kite ch.4

1. Categorization First step in application process Gender, race, age Which of these gets the most attention? Ie: which stereotype gets activated? Prototypicality influences speed/ease of categorization Likeability = more quickly associated with your own group Situational influences (woman v. businesswoman) Black woman - woman in an all-male group, black in all-white group Prejudiced people overclassify people as belonging to outgroup (ingroup overexclusion)

2. Stereotype activation – extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind Activated in interactions with stereotyped group Dormant stereotype becomes active, ready for use 2 types of processes: Automatic processing – observing stimuli associated with stereotyped group Motivated processing – activating stereotype helps fulfill goals and needs Stereotypes associated with situation are activated. (Job hiring – laziness stereotypes)

AUTOMATIC Activation and categorization both automatic Subliminal cues activate these Greater amygdala activity in flash of black face Difference reduced in longer image exposure Frontal cortex activation was greater. Controlling biased response. See Harris and Fiske article
 * Evolutionarily advantageous to first see outgroup as a threat? Support for Evolutionary Theory?

Category-stereotype link conditioned Greater prototypicality - greater activation of stereotype. Context influences which aspects of stereotype are activate (alley v. church) Categorization occurs at SUBTYPE level (black athlete, not black person) More prejudiced people develop stronger link between category and stereotype Used more consistently -> more easily accessible Cognitive busyness reduces working memory, harder to call up stereotype

MOTIVATED ACTIVATION Comprehension goals – form impressions of what others are like, understand why events happen If you can predict a person’s responses, minimize problems. Members of other groups hold different opinions from my group.

Self-enhancement goals See others negatively so you look more positive. Black doctor gives bad news: negative stereotype of blackness is activated, positive doctor stereotype in inhibited. Vice versa with good news. Reduce threat of negative information about myself by applying negative trait to another stereotypically viewed as having that trait.

Social adjustment goals Adjust behaviors to fit into situations, adhere to norms/rules of the setting. More likely to say prejudiced things to ingroup members than target members to avoid conflict

Motivation to control prejudiced responses Prejudice contrary to personal values OR prejudice is socially unacceptable

Stereotype relevance – when asked to predict what major a kid is, Asianness trumps fatness.

3. Stereotype application – active stereotype used to judge, applied to person

STEREOTYPE APPLICATION INHIBITION More strongly activated = more likely to applied Lots of characteristics of stereotype application. Easy to inhibit verbal, but little physical cues, not so much (avoid eye contact)

More motivated to control prejudiced responses = less likely to use stereotypes For comprehension goals, people use individuating information. Info specific to person, not group Four times more weight than stereotypes BUT unless motivated to do otherwise, we conserve mental resources by not seeking out individuating info More relevant to life, more in control of something I want = more individuated

Stereotypes can still function in face of individuation Avoid seeking info about members of stereotyped groups Information sought tends to support stereotype Stereotypes affect how we interpret individuating info External motivations to ignore stereotypes: accuracy, accountability

Cognitive Style – differences in motivations to acquire and use info People low in need for cognition = stereotypes simple way of judging people Causal uncertainty – need to understand how the world, other people operate More certainty = more stereotype use Need for closure - high = simple definite answers = more likely to stereotype

Having power over people, control of their reward/punishment facilitates stereotype of controlled. Entitlement to judge -> overestimation of accuracy of simple systems like stereotypes Holding negative stereotypes justifies/maintains power. No motivation to individuate controlled

ABILITY TO INHIBIT STEREOTYPING Cognitive Resources – If stereotype already activated, cognitive busyness takes away resources for individuation Cognitive busyness inhibits stereotype activation, but if it’s already activated CB facilitates application People pay more attention to stereotypic info than individuating when busy. Can undermine motivation to inhibit stereotype.

EFFECTS OF ACTIVATED STEREOTYPES Biased interpretation of behaviors – ambiguous behaviors assimilated into stereotype Biased evaluation of members of stereotyped group Asian woman more qualified for job if Asian is emphasized over woman.

Shifting standards model One resource: those stereotypes as more competent are more likely to get it Unlimited resources: members of negatively stereotyped group get more after equal performance

Cultural Artifacts - Stereotypes affect evaluation of group’s individual members AND group’s culture as a whole Violent lyrics rated as more negative when from a rap song than a folk song

HARRIS AND FISKE ARTICLE Social Cognition activates the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) No activation to objects or low-low stereotype content model (SCM) outgroups Activation of amygdala, insula (related to disgust) Low, low are dehumanized

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