User:RaeBruce/sandbox

= Article Evaluation--Women's Rights in Haiti =
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * In my opinion, this article strayed off of topic quite a few times. I was looking for more of the information about the women who fought for women's rights and how they achieved it. The article only listed names of the women involved, without going into detail about their many contributions. The only major element that distracted me from being able to see the big picture, was the little information about voodoo that was thrown in. I just felt that the article needed more information, since it is not a very talked about subject.
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * I do not think that this article is neutral. I think that it has a lot of vague information. There are claims in the first introductory paragraph about that seem bias.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Almost every section in this article is underrepresented. There are a lot of sources that are listed, but the article itself has no body. Women in society, political representation, and education are the few topics that do not have much information. It lacks the main aspect or purpose of the topic.
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Many of the links that I checked do not work. There are a few of them whose URL's do not exist. One of the articles that I read has accurate information.
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * Some of the facts are referenced with a reliable source. Some of this information comes from another wikipedia page, like the one about education in Haiti. Some of these sources a Haitian language, that no longer work.
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * There is no present day information sourced. The latest information cited was in 2014 about Gender Inequality. A lot of information on the topics are missing and not stated.
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * There are no conversations stated in the talk page about this article.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * It is in the scope of WikiProjects, but it is not rated.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * As of now, we have not mentioned anything regarding Women's Rights in the Haitian Culture. I am sure further down the line, we will discuss and elaborate more on this topic.

= Child Marriage: South Sudan = The topic that I picked was Child Marriage in South Sudan. South Sudan is located in Northeastern Africa. There is not a page about Child Marriage, but there is an extremely small page about women in South Sudan. However, There is a page about the broad aspect of Child Marriage, and the countries it exists in. Child Marriage has been shown throughout history in the 1900's and still exists today. I chose this topic because it has been very prevalent in the news recently. Since the topic is not covered on Wikipedia, I can add and contribute a lot about the topic. I would first start by explaining what Human rights are and implementing the start and idea of child marriage. I could somehow incorporate Women in Sudan since there is a lot of information needed for that topic. I think that the coverage of Child Marriage in Sudan could open up peoples mind and make them realize that Child Marriage is global.

The topic of Child Marriage is very relevant to the topic of Human Rights because these children are forced into marriage, which is a violation. No child should be forced into marriage. Due to the underindustrialized parts of Sudan, some families only option is to marry their children off for money, cattle, and other necessities. This topic pertains to Human Rights because it is a violation of a Childs rights. It strips away their whole childhood, for the benefit of another. I do not think that people understand how bad child marriage is in the world and how it has been an ongoing problem. I particularly, do not think about countries who still have underage marriage. When I found South Sudan as being one of them, it sparked my attention. So far, I have found that both women and children in South Sudan experience massive amounts of sexual assaults. Children are married as low as the age of 12 and are forced to carry children. These innocent children are stripped away of their childhood and forced into adulthood in an blink of an eye. I think that I can contribute more in depth information on this topic. Also, women's educated is stoped once they get married. With this being said, there is a good amount of research out there to do this project.

Sources

"Child Marriage." Human Rights Watch. Accessed September 28, 2017. https://www.hrw.org/topic/womens-rights/child-marriage.

"Where we are : Eastern and Southern Africa : South Sudan." UN Women | Africa. Accessed September 28, 2017. http://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/south-sudan.

"Child Marriage." UNICEF DATA. Accessed September 28, 2017. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/.

"Tahirih – Forced Marriage Initiative Forced Marriage Overseas: South Sudan." Tahirih Forced Marriage Initiative RSS. Accessed September 28, 2017. http://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-south-sudan/.

= Academic Article Outline = Mutiso, Joyce. "Child Marriage in Lakes State, South Sudan: Looking through the Social Norms Lens." Sas.upenn.edu. 2012. Accessed October 11, 2017. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ppe/Events/uniconf_2012/documents/Mutiso.Joyce_Final.Paper.pdf.

Article Outline:
Basic Points
 * Child marriage continues to remain a major practice in South Sudan based on the sole reason of traditional aspects being passed down generation after generation.

1.Most child marriages arranged in South Sudan primarily takes place in rural settings. Many children do not marry men from other tribes. It is symbolic and traditional to stay within the same tribe.

- Studies show that most women are married between the ages of 15-19.

- Yet, there is still a high amount of children married before the age of 15.T

- The traditional practice of early marriage originated from the Dinka community who lived on the land first.Gender inequality: Women of all ages are still inferior to men.

2. Age Assessment

- This defines the times of significant events to determine "sufficient" age of the child

- Puberty or the menstrual cycle is the age of maturity which allows the child to be married off.

- Not all parts of Africa have child marriage, but the rural ones like South Suda are known for it.

3. The Dowry

- Major aspect that is apart of the tradition of a Childs marriage.

- When a daughter and son get married from the same family a dowry is distributed in the form of a cattle to show great respect.

- A young women's value depends on her age.

- The older a woman gets the less she is in value.

- The more educated a young lady is the more dowry her and her family will receive because she can't bring another strong suit to the table.

- Some families are in extreme poverty and blame the young girls for their problems.

- They depend on the dowry they get as means of survival and the family value.

4. Refusal for marriage

- Marriage was arranged and sought out from the daughter's Father.

- Girls who tried to run away from get punished in the form of beating, cursing and sometimes killing.

- Many children try to escape their marriage by committing suicide.

- Some girls who were captured would be thrown into prison.

5. Early Marriage and Maternal health

- Many young girls forced into child marriage were not taken to the hospital for labor and delivery unless it was very complicated.

- They are not given any form of pain medicine during the delivery.

- A lot of people still to this day do not see the correlation between child marriage and child delivery.

- Early marriage makes it possible for women to give birth to as many children her husband will allow.

6. South Sudan Child Act 2008

- Many people have not taken this law seriously because there are no legal provisions.

- This act was created to protect from early marriage as it affects their health, life, childhood, physical, mental development.

- Violations of this Act are not really enforced.There could be a maximum of 7 years in prison, yet the system is backwards because they are wiling to put a child who ran away for her own freedom in jail.

7. Continued

- Child marriage is a communal aspect.

- Men in South Sudan do not recognize young children who are married, as children.

- A child is someone who has not had her period, which means she cannot produce children.

- young girl is worth 130-150 cattle. 8. Strategies addressing child marriage

- More educated is being talked about.

- There are even scholarship opportunities in place for the young women.

Outline Your Contribution:

Title: Child Marriage in South Sudan

There is a Wikipedia page that explains the topic of Child Marriage as a whole. Within this topic, there are sections explaining where child marriage exists in the world. These places include India, Asia, Nepal, Iran, and many African countries. Child Marriage is a major problem because the age required is when the child starts puberty. The information that already exists on Wikipedia is that Child Marriage is an informal or forma union made my an individual before the legal age of 18. Both boys and girls can experience child marriage. Child marriages usually happens due to financial problems, poverty, religious purposes or even political reasons.

My Contribution: On Wikipedia, there is not a page regarding Child Marriage in South Sudan. Like I stated before there is an article that explains the broad problem of child marriage. There is also a very small article that explains Women in South Sudan. I would like to explain how child marriage is in Africa, along with its specifics in South Sudan. I believe that most of our African Countries have high rates of child marriage that need to be talked about. There are many problems within these marriages that result to physical removal or sexual parts and in worst cases, death. I would like to explain what child marriage is and what these young children endure during it. My goal is to make awareness. More examples include:
 * Most child marriages arranged in South Sudan primarily takes place in rural settings. Many children do not marry men from other tribes. It is symbolic and traditional to stay within the same tribe.
 * Puberty or the menstrual cycle is the age of maturity which allows the child to be married off.
 * Not all parts of Africa have child marriage, but the rural ones like South Suda are known for it.
 * A young women's value depends on her age.
 * The older a woman gets the less she is in value.
 * The more educated a young lady is the more dowry her and her family will receive because she can't bring another strong suit to the table.
 * Some families are in extreme poverty and blame the young girls for their problems.
 * They depend on the dowry they get as means of survival and the family value.
 * The Drowry section of my notes.
 * Many young girls forced into child marriage were not taken to the hospital for labor and delivery unless it was very complicated.
 * They are not given any form of pain medicine during the delivery.
 * A lot of people still to this day do not see the correlation between child marriage and child delivery.
 * Early marriage makes it possible for women to give birth to as many children her husband will allow.
 * A child is someone who has not had her period, which means she cannot produce children.
 * young girl is worth 130-150 cattle. 8. Strategies addressing child marriage
 * More educated is being talked about.
 * There are even scholarship opportunities in place for the young women.

Draft Your Contribution

Child Marriage in South Sudan
Child marriage is a world wide problem, in which underage children are forced to enter into a marriage bond. Child marriage is an increasing problem within many African countries. In South Sudan, child marriage is a growing epidemic. Child Marriage is a violation of women's and children's rights. The age range for these children to marry is between the age of twelve and eighteen. Although, 18 is the legal age to marry, many cultural practices are placed higher that the actual law in underrepresented countries. Marriages are granted approval with a parental consent. Underage marriage is an uncomfortable topic, yet it is practiced widely by the Fathers of the families, in countries that experience poverty. This happens in order to have financial stability through dowry, the increase in bride price, and the alleviation out of poverty.

Child marriage does not only to pertain to young girls, it also has its affects on young boys. In many African Countries, like South Sudan, child marriage is related to girls. Child marriage usually pertains to the bond between a child and an adult.

Age and Initiation
The common age range of children who are forced into marriage is from fifteen years old to eighteen years old. Many children are married off under the age of fifteen. In South Sudan, a child is someone who is not capable of having children. Therefore a child who has began her menstrua l cycle, puberty, and can produce children is an adult. The discrepancy of what a child is, considered to be is a problem today. Families in South Sudan do not allow their children to marry men from other tribes, due to the significance of the symbolism and traditional aspects of the culture. A girls value depends on her age. This means that the younger in age the women is the, higher her value increases. This makes it easier for the girl to be married off. The older the women is the more difficult it is for her to find marriage. The older a women gets the less value she is to a marriage.

Child Marriage in South Sudan is commonly seem in rural parts of the country and not in urban areas. In these parts, traditional law has power over legislative law. The decision of a child to get married is put into action by the Father. The Mother does not have any say in regards with decisions that are supposed to benefit the family. A child that is married off is solely for economic reasons. This increases the Families status in the society. When girls are married to the man that is courting them, the family is generously awarded with gifts in the form of Dowry. Dowry is one of the most important factors that coincide with child marriage. Dowry is given out in the form of cattle which shows great respect to the family. The man that the child is being married off to supplies the family with cattle and riches to show his appreciation. In many cases, these rewards alleviates the family of of hardships in the form of poverty. The idea of dowry is also related to the women's education. The more educated the women is, the more value she has and the more dowry her family gets.

An educated women is said to be a suitable marriage partner by many men in South Sudan. Yet, when a women's educated is taken from her, she has no other option. A girl can also be seen a problem or burden to her family if she is not married off. The more dowry a family has, the more wealth and status they hold. Girls who have had many years of higher education are not as likely to get married as children.

Bride Price
Child Marriages are some of the most expensive marriages. Bride price is similar to that of Dowry. The more value that a child has, the more money a man has to pay for her. Bride price is related to a man's status. When a man does not find wife, his value and standing in society goes down. When bride price inflation happens, young men will not be able to afford marriage. Without an income, young men are not worth anything and cannot purchase a wife.

Health
Many health problems are related to children who are forced into a marriage. Health problems in rural places are not treated sanitarily which results in infections and death. Early pregnancies are not treated as they should. The toll on the girls body is not taken into consideration because of the status that women in South Sudan hold. They are inferior to men. Sanitation is a major problem. When girls go into labor, they are only taken to the hospital if strenuous problems arise. If not, they are expected to deliver their children in unsterilized places. Maternal health care services is very limited in underrepresented countries. A women's labor can be stretched out if she has been found to be unfaithful to the man that she forced to marry. The child will not be allowed to be born unless the women tells her husband who she has had relations with.

Causes
The cause of child marriage is for the family of the child pride to remain good social standing and to have financial prosperity. This tradition is upheld by the families in order to keep their children safe and to prevent their daughter from conceiving children without being married. This idea protects the families pride and honor. Families who do not give their children up for marriage are usually criticized by the neighboring communities and are shown scrutiny. It is easier for the families to follow what everyone else is participating in. Families also marry their children off at a young age to make sure that their daughters have protection and security.

Consequences
There are many health consequences that spiral from a child giving birth at a young age. Children who are younger than the age of 18 are more likely to die do to aggressive birth whereas an older women will be okay. Young children who deliver babies are subject to diseases and many health related problems that can prevent them from conceiving another child. Furthermore, children who marry at a young age are typically not educated. They cannot use their education as an outlet to get out of abusive relationships. These children grow up taking the inferior role in the household and are forced to obey their husbands. Child brides are sheltered from their community and are not allowed to participate in communal events. Child brides who run away from their husbands are subject to violence in the form of physical beatings, sexual assault, and marriage.

There are no contributions made on my talk page for me to add.

10 new points to add: NOTES
 * Rising brideprice—money or gifts provided to a woman's family by the groom and his family as part of marriage arrangements—is a common if overlooked catalyst of violent conflict.
 * When bride price is highly practiced a mans social standing is connected to his marital status.
 * brideprice inflation is a direct effect to the amount of violence.
 * Brideprice will increase in areas that are unindustrialized or underrepresented.
 * It is prevalent in areas where the economy is doing poorly or where there is not enough work.
 * the effects of this are young men not being able to afford marriage, which directly affects their social standing in the society.
 * Without a sufficient income, they are worthless in the views of others because they cannot purchase a wife.
 * One pastoralist (??) in South Sudan states simply, “You cannot marry without cows, and you cannot be called a man without cows.”86 According to the ECC Platform, “Traditionally, cattle raids are a livelihood sustaining practice, which allows restocking herds after droughts” and also serves an important social function, “as it provides the means for young men to get married.”8
 * Child Marriages in South Sudan are some of the most expensive marriages.
 * An educated women in South Sudan would most fifty cows.
 * Marriage or elopement that is not initiated by the Father, will have consequences.
 * Marriage is not a choice for the children in South Sudan.

SOURCES:

Hudson, Valerie M., and Hilary Matfess. "In Plain Sight: The Neglected Linkage between Brideprice and Violent Conflict." International Security. August 10, 2017. Accessed November 09, 2017. http://muse.jhu.edu/article/667390.

"Child Marriage." Human Rights Watch. Accessed September 28, 2017.

https://www.hrw.org/topic/womens-rights/child-marriage.

"Where we are : Eastern and Southern Africa : South Sudan." UN Women | Africa. Accessed September 28, 2017. http://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/south-sudan.

"Child Marriage." UNICEF DATA. Accessed September 28, 2017. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/.

"Tahirih – Forced Marriage Initiative Forced Marriage Overseas: South Sudan." Tahirih Forced Marriage Initiative RSS. Accessed September 28, 2017. http://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-south-sudan/.