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Lactobacillus Casei is gram positive, catalase negative, non-sporulating, microaerophilic, or faculties anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. 0.7 – 1-1 Mmx 20-4.0 Mm cell division occur in one plane tendency to form chain colony. It is a facultative, acid- tolerant. They are wide spread and found in variety at Biological Environment, including the gastrointestinal tract, the oral cavity and genitourinary tract.Lactobacillus casei is a species of genus Lactobacillus found in the human urinary tract and mouth. This particular species of Lactobacillus is documented to have a wide pH and temperature range, and complements the growth of L. acidophilus, a producer of the enzyme amylase (a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme).[1]

Contents 1	Uses 1.1	Dairy 1.2	Medical 1.3	Commercial probiotic 1.4	Others 2	See also 3	References 4	External links Uses[edit source] Dairy[edit source] The most common application of L. casei is industrial, specifically for dairy production.

Lactobacillus casei is typically the dominant species of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (i.e. contaminant bacteria[1]) present in ripening cheddar cheese, and, recently, the complete genome sequence of L. casei ATCC 334 has become available. L. casei is also the dominant species in naturally fermented Sicilian green olives.[2]

Medical[edit source] A commercial beverage containing L. casei strain Shirota has been shown to inhibit the in vivo growth of Helicobacter pylori, but when the same beverage was consumed by humans in a small trial, H. pylori colonization decreased only slightly, and the trend was not statistically significant.[3] Some L. casei strains are considered to be probiotic, and may be effective in alleviation of gastrointestinal pathogenic bacterial diseases. According to World Health Organization, those properties have to be demonstrated on each specific strain—including human clinical studies—to be valid.[4] L. casei has been combined with other probiotic strains of bacteria in randomized trials studying its effects in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and patients in the trials who were not given the placebo had significantly lower rates of AAD or CDI (depending on the trial) with no adverse effects reported.[5] Additionally, trials have shown significantly shorter recovery times in children suffering from acute diarrhea (primarily caused by rotavirus) when given different L. casei treatments when compared to placebo.[6] Studies suggest that Lactobacillus is a safe and effective treatment for acute and infectious diarrhea.[7] They are two theories about Lactobacillus casei. First, theory said L. Casei causes prosthetic joint infection that is mainly arthritis which is according to C. de seynes, H Dutron, P cremer, M Dupon. They collected joint flied from a person who is suffering from hip joint (osteoarthritis) by technique called ultra-sound. Gram staining of these liquid results for Gram positive bacilli. Later experiment has revealed that it as a Lactobacillus casei. Sometimes prosthetic Knee joint infection is due to L. Casei few cases are cured by amputation. Generally, Amoxicillin is used for treatment, but it can also be used sharing with clindamycin or Rifampicin. They are species at lactobacillus which are useful for probiotic and have shown greater effect towards treating diarrhea and candida vaginitis.[2]

Second, theory of L. Casei decrease an inflammatory joint Damage which is associated with collagen – induced Arthritis (CIA) according to S. Amderkar V. Singh, and R. Singh. This theory describes that the therapeutic efficacy at Lacto bacillus Casei in curing rheumatoid arthritis using collagen induced arthritis (CIA) animal model. Model organism of this experiment is female wister rat which weigh about 200 gm. They maker rat to feed on L. Casei. After feeding, they monitored the level of IL-6, X- TNF, and IL 10 in serum. Standard drug used in this experiment was indomethacin. On 28th day from feeding they noted the values of four points. Arthritis indexes which results in normal histopathology without any pannus formation, synovial infiltration, bone, and cartilage destruction of rat. Arthritis indexes where low for L. Casei treated rats. Now CIA model is treated with L. Casei. Inhibition process for Cox-2 is by inhibition the proinflammatory cytokines concepts at the complex intraction steps involved in these pathways: IL-6  interleukin-G. X-TNF  Tumor necrosis factor. IL-10  interleukin – 10. CIA collagen induced arthritis.

There are lot of Lactobacillus species which are used as probiotics agents e.g. L. Casei, L.acidophilus, L. brevis, L. delbruki, L. sporogenes etc and also used as a feeding material because at immunomodulatory property. L. Casei used as proinflammation and anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating diseases.[3]

In the preparation of food, L. casei bacteria can be used in the natural fermentation of beans to lower levels of the compounds causing flatulence upon digestion.[8]

Commercial probiotic[edit source] Among the best-documented, probiotic L.casei, L. casei DN-114001, and L. casei Shirota have been extensively studied[9] and are widely available as functional foods (see Actimel, Yakult).

Another commercially available form of L. casei can be found in Danactive made by Danone. They registered trademarked L. casei as L. casei Immunita.

Others[edit source]

In the past few years, many studies have been conducted in the decolorization of azo dyes by lactic acid bacteria such as L. casei TISTR 1500, L. paracasei, Oenococcus oeni, etc. With the azoreductase activity, mono- and diazo bonds are degraded completely, and generate other aromatic compounds as intermediates.[10]

Jump up ^ Zhang, Heping (2014). Lactic acid Bacteria Fundamentals and Practice. Heidelberg, Germany: Spring science + Business Media Dordrecht 2014. p. 13. ISBN 978-94-017-8841-0. Jump up ^ "Lactobacillus casei prosthetic joint infection". Elsevier Masson (31 May 2018): 1, 2. 30 September 2017. doi:0399-077X/© 2018 Check |doi= value (help). |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help) Jump up ^ "Lactobacillus casei reduces the Inflammatory Joint Damage Associated with Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) by Reducing the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines". J Clin Immunol (2011) 31:147–154: 147-154. 23 July 2010. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10875-010-9457-7 Check |doi= value (help). |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)