User:Raegan Burt/sandbox

11/15 edits

Genetic mapping is a way to identify exactly which chromosome has which gene and exactly pinpointing where that gene lies on that particular chromosome. Mapping also acts as a method in determining which gene is most likely recombine based on the distance between two genes. The distance between two genes is measured in units known as centimorgan. A centimorgan is a distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in one hundred is recombinant. The further two genes are from each other, the more likely they are going to recombine. If it were closer, the opposite would occur.

One specific study where gene mapping was utilized was on the heterosis of cultivated tomatoes and wild tomatoes. In other words, as a result of crossbreeding these two tomatoes, we can determine whether or not the offspring will show any qualities that may be superior to that of both parents. There are currently 97 recombinant inbred lines, which were then used to construct a genetic map. The following map consisted of 132 molecular markers. Amongst 73% of those markers, the two homozygous classes were found. Another 98 percent of those markers were dominated by cultivated tomato alleles compared to the wild tomato alleles. For the other markers that were segregated, they entered a deviation in generations two through seven. As a result, the heterozygosity of the population was significantly greater than that of the heterozygosity of the recombinant inbred lines in generation seven. As for generation two, the marker was twice as great in recombinant inbred lines than that of the generation two population.

Another study in which genetic mapping was used was on the two lines of maize. Maize, also known as corn, is an important crop to humans and provides essential vitamins, such as folate (vitamin B) which is important to one's health. Because breeding it is pretty limited due to its cost, breeding it molecularly is a more executable and efficient way for folate fortification. In the following experiment, there was a genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci utilizing two populations of maize lines. Quantitative trait loci also referred to as QTL, is a section of DNA that correlates with various quantitative traits. Each quantitative trait displays continuous variation and polygenic inheritance in a population of organisms. One of the QTL that was deeply looked at between the strains of maize was the concentrations of folate. In this experiment, the two lines of maize that were used both had levels of folate, however, one of the lines was high in folate and the other was low in folate. During the development of this segregated population, genetic mapping using F2 whole‐exome sequencing and F3 kernel folate profiling was carried out to obtain QTLs. Exome sequencing is a genomic technique for sequencing all the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome. These two QTLs contributed 41.6% of phenotypic variation of differences in the allele of a key enzyme in folate metabolism.

11/10 Shannon's comments round 2

The first paragraph looks excellent. Please don't make changes to the paragraphs that are below my comments. Copy your paragraph and paste it above what I've written and then make changes so that I can compare exactly what you had, what my comments were, and what changes you made- I can get around this but it is pretty tricky and copying and pasting makes my life easier :)

The second paragraph is still a little jargon-y. What is heterosis? What is a recombinant inbred line? When you say "On the following map, it was found to have 132 molecular markers." What does "it" refer to? When you say "the two homozygous classes were found" which two homozygous classes? What does "deviation in generations F2 to F7" mean? The heterozygosity of what population was greater than the recombinant inbred lines at F7? I don't think the average wikipedia reader is going to know what F2 and F7 are referring to - it might be better to say the 7th generation of test crosses (if that is what F7 refers to). I would also spend some time explaining what a test cross is to get to the 2cnd generation (F2) or 7th generation. I think you're assuming that the average Wikipedia reader will have taken a Bio101 class and I"m not sure that is a safe assumption. This paragraph could really use some clarification. Like I said before imagine you are writing this for a 13 year old to read.

Again for the third paragraph this isn't written such that a 13 year old could read this and understand it. What are quantitative trait loci? What were the QTLs that the researchers were interested in in this study (I'm assuming QTLs associated with folate production but you don't explicitly say that) you could make this a lot clearer by writing "QTLs are .... in this study gene mapping was used to determine the location of QTLs associated with folate metabolism") Why are the researchers crossing lines of maize that have differing abilities to produce folate? What is exome sequencing? What is sergeant analysis? Again F2, F6, F7 - this is all jargon people aren't going to know what this is maybe use generations? How does the phenotypic variation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate tell the scientists something about the difference in these two strains. If you're going to mention this enzyme (which is going to take a lot of explaining about what it does) then you need to explain what it does and how it relates to folate metabolism and the differences in presence of folate in the two strains. Might be easier to say "46.1% of phenotypic differences in the two strains of maize were due to a key enzyme in folate metabolism." Your summary sentence makes it sound as if gene mapping wasn't used in this study but will be applied later. Maybe the summary sentence could be something like " Gene mapping was used to learn that 46.1% of phenotypic differences between the two strains of maize were due to differences in the allele of a key enzyme in folate metabolism." ---

11/8 Raegan's edits

Genetic mapping is a way to identify exactly which chromosome has which gene and exactly pinpointing where that gene lies on that particular chromosome. Mapping also acts as a method in determining which gene is most likely recombine based on the distance between two genes. The distance between two genes is measured in units known as centimorgan. A centimorgan is a distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in one hundred is recombinant. The further two genes are from each other, the more likely they are going to recombine. If it were closer, the opposite would occur.

One specific study where gene mapping was utilized was on the heterosis of cultivated tomatoes and wild tomatoes. In other words, as a result of crossbreeding these two tomatoes, we can determine whether or not the offspring will show any qualities that may be superior to that of both parents. There are currently 97 recombinant inbred lines, which were then used to construct a genetic map. On the following map, it was found to have 132 molecular markers. Amongst 73% of those markers, the two homozygous classes were found. Another 98 percent of those markers were dominated by cultivated tomato alleles compared to the wild tomato alleles. For the other markers that were segregated, they entered a deviation in generations F2 to F7. As a result, the heterozygosity of the population was significantly greater than that of the heterozygosity of the recombinant inbred lines in F7, and as for F2, the marker was twice as great in recombinant inbred lines than that of the F2 population.

Another study in which genetic mapping was used was on the two lines of maize. Maize, also known as corn, is an important crop to humans and provides essential vitamins, such as folate (vitamin B) which is important to one's health. In the following experiment, there was a genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci utilizing two populations of maize lines. Quantitative trait loci also referred to as QTL, is a section of DNA that correlates with various quantitive traits. Each quantitative trait displays continuous variation and polygenic inheritance in a population of organisms. One of the lines was high in folate, the other low in folate. By combining F2 whole‐exome sequencing and F3 kernel‐folate profiling, two folate QTL were obtained. A bulk segregant analysis was done on these QTL's using F6 DNA as well as F7 kernel-folate profiling. 46.1% of phenotypic variation 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate was found to the two populations of high folate maize and low folate maize. With the help of genetic mapping, it will aid in finding detail about folate metabolism based on the two different folate enriched maize lines as well as provide a basis for marker‐assisted breeding aimed at the enrichment of folates in maize kernels.

11/6 Peer review of Raegans contribution from Shannon

The first paragraph could be written a little clearer- for example the second sentence, distance between what? I think given the lecture on Monday you can make this paragraph a bit more conversational.

The second paragraph - what is heterosis? What was the genetic map that was created of- one of the strains? All of the strains? What are the 2 homozygous classes? Why are there only 2 ? You really lost me at the end there with the amount of heterozygosity I’m the F7 and F2 generations. I would take the time to figure out how genetic mapping was used and what kind of crosses were done and why it is important that they mapped the traits they were able to map - what does this mean for tomato growers?

Again for the third paragraph - what is QTL? In as few words as possible how were QTL and gene mapping applied to learn something about folate in corn? Try pretending that you’re explaining this to a 13 year old...

Otherwise great job 2 cool studies you found just try to make the information from those studies more accessible. —————————————————————————————————————-

10/22 Finish Rough Draft of Wiki article contribution

Genetic mapping is a way to identify exactly which chromosome has which gene and exactly pinpointing where that gene lies on that particular chromosome. Mapping also acts as a method in determining which gene is most likely recombine based on the distance between. The distance between two genes is measured in units known as centimorgan. A centimorgan is a distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in one hundred is recombinant. The further two genes are from each other, the more likely they are going to recombine. If it were closer, the opposite would occur.

One specific study where gene mapping was utilized on the heterosis of cultivated tomatoes and wild tomatoes. There are currently 97 recombinant inbred lines, which were then used to construct a genetic map. On the following map, it was found to have 132 molecular markers. Amongst 73% of those markers, the two homozygous classes were found. Another 98 percent of those markers were dominated by cultivated tomato alleles compared to the wild tomato alleles. For the other markers that were segregated, they entered a deviation in generations F2 to F7. As a result, the heterozygosity of the population was significantly greater than that of the heterozygosity of the recombinant inbred lines in F7, and as for F2, the marker was twice as great in recombinant inbred lines than that of the F2 population.

Another study in which genetic mapping was used was on the two lines of maize. Maize, also known as corn, is an important crop to humans and provides essential vitamins, such as folate (vitamin B) which is important to one's health. In the following experiment, there was a genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) utilizing two populations of maize lines. One of the lines was high in folate, the other low in folate. By combining F2 whole‐exome sequencing and F3 kernel‐folate profiling, two folate QTL were obtained. A bulk segregant analysis was done on these QTL's using F6 DNA as well as F7 kernel-folate profiling. 46.1% of phenotypic variation 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate was found to the two populations of high folate maize and low folate maize. With the help of genetic mapping, it will aid in finding detail about folate metabolism based on the two different folate enriched maize lines.

Paran, I., Goldman, I., Tanksley, S.D. et al. Theoret. Appl. Genetics (1995) 90: 542. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00222001

--- 10/11 added contribution to the article Added example of finding genetic cloning in Maize (corn).

Linked word Maize to another wiki article.

Also added another reference Gallvetti, Andrea; Whipple, Clinton J. (2015). "Positional cloning in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, Poaceae)". Applications in plant sciences. 3(1): apps.1400092. doi:10.3732/apps.1400092 10/4 Added these citations to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_mapping

Aguilera-Galvez, C.; Champouret, N.; Rietman, H.; Lin, X.; Wouters, D.; Chu, Z.; Jones, J.D.G.; Vossen, J.H.; Visser, R.G.F.; Wolters, P.J.; Vleeshouwers, V.G.A.A. "Two different R gene loci co-evolved with Avr2 of Phytophthora infestans and confer distinct resistance specificities in potato". doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2018.01.002.

Kameyama, A.; Yamakoshi, K.; Watanabe, A. "A rapid separation and characterization of mucins from mouse submandibular glands by supported molecular matrix electrophoresis". Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101731734 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-1454 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15709639 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom Subsets: MEDLINE. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.006.

9/27 - I reviewed this article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_mapping and I wanted to add this citation

Misa Sandri, Danilo Licastro, Simeone Dal Monego, Sandy Sgorlon, & Bruno Stefanon. (2018). Investigation of rumen metagenome in Italian Simmental and Italian Holstein cows using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing technique. Italian Journal of Animal Science, (4), 890. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1462110 - 9/12 – I evaluated a Wiki Article

The article I evaluated was on New Media. While evaluating this article, I came upon many grammatical errors throughout and noticed that many of the citations listed are no longer available to be viewed. Other than that, the article does remain in a neutral tone and stays on topic without straying or offering up and opinionated ideas or thoughts.

9/6 – I reviewed editing guidelines

8/30 – I signed up for a wiki account