User:Ragityman/sandbox/Italian honorifics

These are some of the honorifics used in Italy.

Nobility
As part of the republican constitution that became effective in Italy on 1 January 1948, titles of nobility ceased to be recognized in law (although they were not, strictly, abolished or banned), and the organ of state which had regulated them, the Araldica Consulta, was eliminated. However the so-called predicati &mdash; territorial or manorial designations that were often connected to a noble title by use of a particle such as di, da, della, dei, could be resumed as part of the legal surname upon judicial approval for persons who possessed it prior to 28 October 1922 (date of Italian fascism's accession to power). In practice, this meant that, e.g., "John Doe, Duke of Somewhere" or "Princess Jane of Kingdom" might become "John Doe di Somewhere" or "Jane della Kingdom", respectively. Nonetheless, titles are often still used unofficially in villages, private clubs and some social sets. Signore and Signora (formerly signifying landed nobility) are translations of "Sir" and "Lady", used also in the military hierarchy and for persons in official positions or for members of a society's elite. A few titles are also common in diminutive form as terms of affection for young people (e.g. Principino for "Princekin" or Contessina for "the Little Countess").


 * Re (King) / Regina (Queen)
 * Principe (Prince) / Principessa (Princess)
 * Duca (Duke) / Duchessa (Duchess)
 * Marchese (Marquis) / Marchesa (Marchioness)
 * Conte (Count or Earl) / Contessa (Countess)
 * Visconte (Viscount) / Viscontessa (Viscountess)
 * Barone (Baron) / Baronessa (Baroness)
 * Coscritto (Select) no female equivalent
 * Patrizio (Patrician) no female equivlaent
 * Nobiluomo – n.h./n.u. (Nobleman) / Nobildonna – n.d. (Noblewoman)
 * Cavaliere Ereditario (Baronet) no female equivalent

State honorifics
The President of the Republic can give “honours of the Republic”. These are:
 * Medals (Gold, Silver, Bronze) to persons or entity for merit or valor
 * Knighthood (Cavaliere di Gran Croce, Grande Ufficiale, Commendatore – comm., Cavaliere Ufficiale – cav. uff., Cavaliere – cav.) of five Orders (Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana, Ordine Militare d’Italia, Ordine al Merito del Lavoro, Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana, Ordine di Vittorio Veneto)
 * Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Order to the Merit of the Italian Republic) is for persons who have a particular merit in regard to the Nation
 * Ordine Militare d’Italia (Militar Order of Italy): it has the objective to reward the actions done by unities of the Armed Forces or by only soldiers, demonstrating skilfulness, responsability and valor. The title can be given also to the memory of a death person
 * Ordine al Merito del Lavoro (Order to the Merit of the Work): on purpose of the Prime Minister or on motu proprio, the President of the Republic give this title (only in the degree of Cavaliere – cav. del lav.) to persons who have worked with skilfulness, contributing to the develop of the Nation and to a better status to the workers
 * Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana (Order of the Star of the Italian Solidarity)
 * Ordine di Vittorio Veneto (Order of Vittorio Veneto) for the italian soldiers in the First World War

State rules

 * Presidente – pres. (President): used for the President of the Republic, or for the President of the Senate, of the Chamber of Deputies, of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), of the Constitutional Court, of a Region Council, for Judges president of a Court
 * Presidente emerito – pres. em. (Emeritus President): used for ex President of the Republic
 * Senatore – sen. (Senator): some are for life (ex Presidents of the Republic and persons who glorified the Country)
 * Onorevole deputato – on. (Honourable Member of the Chamber of Deputies)
 * Ministro – min. (Minister)
 * Giudice (Judge)
 * Console – cons. (Consul)
 * others

Vocation/profession

 * Dottore – dott. (Doctor; in Italy it is used by any person holding an academic title, something which confuses foreigners)
 * Maestro / Maestra (teacher or expert artisan or musician)
 * Mastro (archaic for artisans)
 * Professore – prof. / Professoressa – prof.ssa (Professor, usually used only for university teachers, or in high schools for high school teachers)
 * Full professors in the university are most formally addressed as Chiarissimo Professor (Chiar.mo Prof.), derived from latin clarus which meant famed

Academic degree

 * High school degrees:
 * Ragioniere – rag. (in businnes economy – diploma)
 * Geometra – geom. (in building and geometry – diploma)
 * Perito – per. (technical expert in one branch – diploma)
 * Maestro / Maestra (by music conservatory and sociopsychopedagogical lyceum)
 * Diplomato – dipl. (generic title for all who have a diploma): diploma is given to who have done high school and a state exam (except lyceums: classical, scientific, linguistic, sociopsychopedagogical)
 * University degrees:
 * Dottore – dott. (laurea, especially for medicine branches and put on the register)
 * Avvocato – avv. (Lawyer, laurea in jurisprudence and put on the Rolls)
 * Ingegnere – ing. (Engineer, laurea in engineering and put on the register)
 * Architetto – arch. (Architect, laurea in architecture and put on the register)
 * Dottore di Ricerca (additional master in research after laurea: it’s the highest academic title)
 * titles of Preside (Rector of a Seat of a University – the address is Illustre Preside (Illustrious Rector of the Seat) ), Rettore (Rector of a full University – the address is Magnifico Rettore (Magnific Rector) ) etc.

Roman Catholic Church hierarchy
Besides normal titles, there are some words that are strictly italian:
 * don (Father) came from an honorific medieval title used for very esteemed persons (also for mafia bosses)
 * prevosto: name used in northern Italy for important parish priests
 * arciprete: doyen of priests
 * curato: parish priest of the country

Military hierarchy

 * Esercito (Army): see Italian Army enlisted military ranks and Italian Army officers military ranks
 * Marina Militare (Navy): see Naval officer ranks
 * Aeronautica Militare (Air force)
 * Carabinieri (Militar police)

Style for letters
Excluding special titles or antique versions, in Italy that is the manner of address in letters:
 * to men: Egregio signor – Egr. sig. (Eminent mister / Esq.)
 * to women: Gentile signora – Gentile sig.ra (Gentle mrs / Esq.)
 * to agencies: Spettabile ... – Spett.le ... (Esteemed ... / Messrs)