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TRACK 1 Demography Demography coined by two words demo and graphic.Demo means people and Graphic means study.The scientific study of human population is known as demography.According to dictionary"The scientific study of human population primary with respect to their population,size,distribution is known as demography."Archill Guillard wrote first demography book is comprative book in 1855. Importance Of Demography It helps to know about whole over information of population It helps to launch the NGO,INGO plan and policies. It helps to rise of living standards of backward people. It helps to launch mini projects. It is the pillar of nation. Population Situation Of World 600 BC = 5 Million Agrarian period = 15 Million 1 AD = 250 Million 1650 AD = 545 Million 1850 AD = 1 Billion 1927(1930) AD = 2 Billion 1960 AD = 3 Billion 1975 AD = 4 Billion 1987 AD = 5 Billion 1999 AD = 6 Billion 2000 AD = 6.05 Billion 2011 AD = 7 Billion 1999,11th July is called day of 6 Billion.

Distribution Of Population Distribution of population is the arrangement of population according to geographical characteristics like terai,hilly,mountain and administrative characteristics like zone,districts,elaka, and other small and administrative units.The reason of unequal distribution of population are given below-: Available facilities Climate change Infrastructure of development Employment of opportunity Security and protection

Composition Of Population The arrangement of population according to various human characteristics like age,sex,language,religion,cast,occupation is called composition of population.The arrangement of population according to demographic characteristics like age,sex and social characteristics language,cast,religion,occupation is called composition of population.The composition of population are given below-: Population composition by age=>The distribution of population on the basis of different age groups is called population composition by age. Population composition by sex=>The distribution of population on the basis of male and female is called population composition by sex. Population composition by language=>The distribution of population on the basis of different language is called population composition by language. Population composition by religion=>The distribution of population on the basis of religion is called population composition by religion. Population composition by cast=>The distribution of population on the basis of cast is called population composition by cast. Population composition by occupation=>The distribution of population on basis of occupation is called population composition by occupation.

Population Density Population of density is the measurement of population per unit area.It unit is people per square kilometre.It is calculated by dividing total population by total area.

Pyramid Of Population Pyramid of population is the special type of diagram that show the population by age and sex.

Active and Independent population The age group of 15-59 years is called active population.It is also called by independent population. It is not depend on other population.It earn money and run their families smoothly.

Inactive and Dependent population The age groups of 0-14 and 60+above years is known as inactive population.It is also called by dependent population.It depend upon the members of family.It doesn't earn money.

Track 2 Population Sources Of Data Population sources is those data bank from whole information of population.There are two types of population sources of data.They are Primary sources=> Those data which are collected from direct contact with informer is known as primary sources.For example:census,vital registration,sample survey,administrative record. Secondary sources=>Those data that are collected from lnformal.For example:textbooks,library,newspaper,journals.

Census According to UN "Census is the process of counting,compiling,evaluating,analysing and publishing or demographic and social data pertaining at time in a country or well defined part of country to all people."Census can be taken by two methods. They are:- De-facto Methods =>People are counted where they are currently found at time of enumeration.It is expensive method.It is also called by full moon census.England used this method in 1931. De-jure Methods=>The enumeration of the population by the usual place of residence.It is scientific and cheap method.It is used in developing country.

Vital Registration System Vital events refer that birth,death,migration process of keeping records of birth,death,migration,divorce,etc is known as vital registration system.

Sample Survey Sample survey is the techniques used to study about population with the help of sample of population.It is used in Afghanistan.

Administrative Records Administrative records are the statistics compiled from various processes.

Demographic component,process and measure Demographic component=>The components that determine the demography is known as demographic components.They are birth,death and migration. Demographic process=>Population can change by three processes:fertility,mortality and migration is known as demographic processes. Demographic measures=>Data are obtained from a census of population and from registries:records of events like birth,death,migration,divorces,etc.Demography can be measured by fertility rate,mortality rate and migration rate.

Fertility Fertility is the total live birth given by women of reproductive age. Crude Birth Rate(CBR) General Fertility Rate(GFR) Age Specific Fertility Rate(ASFR) Total Fertility Rate(TFR)

Mortality Mortality is the total disappearance of all evidences of life after live birth has taken place. Crude Death Rate(CDR) Age Specific Death Rate(ASDR) Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)

Migration Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place for settlement. Internal migration International migration Emigration is the act of leaving one's homeland or country to settle in another country.

Immigration is the act of coming to and settling in new country or homeland from one's original homeland or country.

Factors affecting Birth Rate Biological Factors Heredity Miscarriage Ovulation Lactation Age Health Psychological Factor Being parent is entire goal Virility Family Prestige Sense of competition Economic Factor More hands,more work done and less burden Higher income concept Security and protection Occupation Children as insurance for the parents Socio-Cultural factor God′s blessing Family structure Generation respect Fatalism Social taboos

Factors affecting Death Rate Heredity Sex Age Diseases Health education Natural disasters

Factor affecting Migration Rate Proverty Armed conflict Social strife Economic hardships Political turmoil

Areas affected by migration Environment aspects Economic aspects Social and health aspects

Rate Of Natural Increase (RNI) The RNI is calculated by subtracting deaths from births and then dividing the result by the number of total population.

Population Growth Rate (PGR) The PGR is the rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing in a given year due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentage of the base population.

Population Doubling Time (PDT) Population doubling time is another way to measure the running at which a population is growing.

Sex Ratio Sex ratio is the total number of male and female in per 100.