User:Rakeshgopal8891763936/sandbox

Applications of E-commerce Online banking (or Internet banking or E-banking) allows customers of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by the institution, which can be a retail orvirtual bank, credit union or building society. To access a financial institution's online banking facility, a customer having personal Internet access must register with the institution for the service, and set up some password (under various names) for customer verification. The password for online banking is normally not the same as for telephone banking. Financial institutions now routinely allocate customer numbers (also under various names), whether or not customers intend to access their online banking facility. Customer numbers are normally not the same as account numbers, because a number of accounts can be linked to the one customer number. The customer will link to the customer number any of those accounts which the customer controls, which may be cheque, savings, loan, credit card and other accounts. Customer numbers will also not be the same as any debit or credit card issued by the financial institution to the customer. To access online banking, the customer would go to the financial institution's website, and enter the online banking facility using the customer number and password. Some financial institutions have set up additional security steps for access, but there is no consistency to the approach adopted. Online banking facilities offered by various financial institutions have many features and capabilities in common, but also have some that are application specific. The common features fall broadly into several categories •	A bank customer can perform some non-transactional tasks through online banking, including - •	viewing account balances •	viewing recent transactions •	downloading bank statements, for example in PDF format •	viewing images of paid cheques •	ordering cheque books •	download periodic account statements •	Downloading applications for M-banking, E-banking etc. •	Bank customers can transact banking tasks through online banking, including - •	Funds transfers between the customer's linked accounts •	Paying third parties, including bill payments (see, e.g., BPAY) and telegraphic/wire transfers •	Investment purchase or sale •	Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments of enrollments •	Register utility billers and make bill payments •	Financial institution administration •	Management of multiple users having varying levels of authority •	Transaction approval process •	the process of banking has become much faster Some financial institutions offer unique Internet banking services, for example •	Personal financial management support, such as importing data into personal accounting software. Some online banking platforms support account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions. Security of a customer's financial information is very important, without which online banking could not operate. Financial institutions have set up various security processes to reduce the risk of unauthorized online access to a customer's records, but there is no consistency to the various approaches adopted. The use of a secure website has become almost universally adopted. Though single password authentication is still in use, it by itself is not considered secure enough for online banking in some countries. Basically there are two different security methods in use for online banking. •	The PIN/TAN system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwordsto authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token.[citation needed] These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed. Another way to provide TANs to an online banking user is to send the TAN of the current bank transaction to the user's (GSM) mobile phone via SMS. The SMS text usually quotes the transaction amount and details, the TAN is only valid for a short period of time. Especially in Germany, Austria and The Netherlands, many banks have adopted this "SMS TAN" service as it is considered very secure. •	Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks:Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information.A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background.A 2008 U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Technology Incident Report, compiled from suspicious activity reports banks file quarterly, lists 536 cases of computer intrusion, with an average loss per incident of $30,000. That adds up to a nearly $16-million loss in the second quarter of 2007. Computer intrusions increased by 150 percent between the first quarter of 2007 and the second. In 80 percent of the cases, the source of the intrusion is unknown but it occurred during online banking, the report states.[5] The most recent kind of attack is the so-called Man in the Browser attack, where a Trojan horsepermits a remote attacker to modify the destination account number and also the amount. Ecommerce and Retailing E Commerce is growing day by day in both B-to-B and B-to-C context. Retailing industry including Fashion Retail and Grocery retailing have caught on to the bandwagon and have begun to offer E trading or Online Shopping. In the early 1990s we saw Companies setting up websites with very little understanding of E Commerce and Consumer behaviour. E commerce as a model is totally different from the traditional shopping in all respect. All Companies have fast realised the need to have E commerce strategy separately but as a part of overall Retail Strategy. Retail Strategy involves planning for the business growth keeping in view the current market trends, opportunities as well as threats and building a strategic plan that helps the Company deal with all these external factors and stay on course to reach its goals. Further the Retail business strategy is concerned with identifying the markets to be in, building the product portfolio and band width coupled with brand positioning and the various elements of brand visibility and in store promotions etc. Business operations are more or less standard and proven models that are adapted as best practices. However when it comes to defining an E Commerce strategy for the business, the dynamics of the various elements contributing to the business are totally different. The one factor that remains common is the focus on Customer. While in the physical| traditional selling method, there exists a physical experience from the Customer’s end and hence it is easier to build Customer relationship and engage the Customer, E Commerce platform has got to devise methods to reach out to the virtual Customer on One to One basis and build the relationship. The E commerce generally provides more product information and technical details to the Customers than provided through the Traditional Sales channel. E Commerce has got to define the sales transaction, third party payment and financial transaction as well as Customer service processes. As compared to traditional |physical channel sales, all these processes are new and have to be well defined and proven. One important question that the Companies have got to answer is to figure out ‘How Do We Differ from Competition’ or have an edge over Competition in the E commerce market. One of the key differentiators has been the system security and the third party billing desk partners used by the Companies. Wherever Companies have partnered with well known and reputed bankers and billing desk service companies providing safe and secure transactions, the customer confidence in dealing with such Company is enhanced. Secondly companies that provide clear processes outlining the delivery commitments, Online Customer service coupled with publicized policy of customer returns and warranty management are successful in building loyal customer base. Loyalty programs and product promotion offers. Pricing of products is another area that is required to be addressed through the E Commerce strategy. While the Selling and operational costs are higher in traditional sales model, the E commerce or Virtual Sales costs are negligible. There exists a potential to price products attractively and engage the Customer to buy in bulk. E commerce strategies and plans would be different in case of Retail Companies engaged purely in internet selling to the already established Retail Companies offering Online shopping along with traditional shopping. Similarly it is also seen that selling intangibles and technical products is easier through the E Commerce platform than other products that needs some interaction with salesman as well as product sampling etc. Accordingly the product offering on the E Commerce platform may have to be decided by the Company as a part of its strategy plan. The fact that traditional shopping experience as well as back end operations are totally different from the virtual and instantaneous Online shopping, the Companies have got to come up with separate sales strategy for both traditional sales channel as well as electronic commerce trading channel. Online shopping or online retailing is a form ofelectronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internetusing a web browser. Alternative names are: e-web-store, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, and virtual store. An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at abricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping center; the process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. In the case where a business buys from another business, the process is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba, Amazon.com and eBay.[1]Retail success is no longer all about physical stores, this is evident because of the increase in retailers now offering online store interfaces for consumers. With the growth of online shopping, comes a wealth of new market footprint coverage opportunities for stores that can appropriately cater to offshore market demands and service requirements. Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction. Generally, higher levels of education, and personal income correspond to more favorable perceptions of shopping online. Increased exposure to technology also increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels.[3] In a December 2011 study, Equation Research surveyed 1,500 online shoppers and found that 87% of tablet owners made online transactions with their tablet devices during the early Christmas shopping season. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine. Once a particular product has been found on the website of the seller, most online retailers useshopping cart software to allow the consumer to accumulate multiple items and to adjust quantities, like filling a physical shopping cart or basket in a conventional store. A "checkout" process follows (continuing the physical-store analogy) in which payment and delivery information is collected, if necessary. Some stores allow consumers to sign up for a permanent online account so that some or all of this information only needs to be entered once. The consumer often receives an e-mail confirmation once the transaction is complete. Less sophisticated stores may rely on consumers to phone or e-mail their orders (although full credit card numbers, expiry date, and Card Security Code,[5] or bank account and routing number should not be accepted by e-mail, for reasons of security). Payment Online shoppers commonly use a credit card or a PayPal account in order to make payments. However, some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as: •	Billing to mobile phones and landlines[6][7] •	Cash on delivery (C.O.D.) •	Cheque/ Check •	Debit card •	Direct debit in some countries •	Electronic money of various types •	Gift cards •	Postal money order •	Wire transfer/delivery on payment •	Invoice, especially popular in some markets/countries, such as Switzerland Some online shops will not accept international credit cards. Some require both the purchaser's billing and shipping address to be in the same country as the online shop's base of operation. Other online shops allow customers from any country to send gifts anywhere. The financial part of a transaction may be processed in real time (e.g. letting the consumer know their credit card was declined before they log off), or may be done later as part of the fulfillment process. Product delivery Once a payment has been accepted, the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways: •	Downloading/Digital distribution:[8] The method often used for digital media products such as software, music, movies, or images. •	Drop shipping: The order is passed to the manufacturer or third-party distributor, who then ships the item directly to the consumer, bypassing the retailer's physical location to save time, money, and space. •	In-store pick-up: The customer selects a local store using a locator software and picks up the delivered product at the selected location. This is the method often used in the bricks and clicksbusiness model. •	Printing out, provision of a code for, or e-mailing of such items as admission tickets and scrip(e.g., gift certificates and coupons). The tickets, codes, or coupons may be redeemed at the appropriate physical or online premises and their content reviewed to verify their eligibility (e.g., assurances that the right of admission or use is redeemed at the correct time and place, for the correct dollar amount, and for the correct number of uses). •	Shipping: The product is shipped to a customer-designated address. •	Will call, lCOBO (in Care Of Box Office), or "at the door" pickup: The patron picks up pre-purchased tickets for an event, such as a play, sporting event, or concert, either just before the event or in advance. With the onset of the Internet and e-commerce sites, which allow customers to buy tickets online, the popularity of this service has increased. Shopping cart systems •	Simple systems allow the off-line administration of products and categories. The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace. The systems do not use an online database.[citation needed] •	A high-end solution can be bought or rented as a stand-alone program or as an addition to anenterprise resource planning program. It is usually installed on the company's webserver and may integrate into the existing supply chain so that ordering, payment, delivery, accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent. •	Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops simultaneously.[citation needed] •	Open source shopping cart packages include advanced platforms such as Interchange, and off-the-shelf solutions such as Magento, osCommerce, PrestaShop, Shopify, Zen Cart.[9] •	Commercial systems can also be tailored so the shop does not have to be created from scratch. By using an existing framework, software modules for various functionalities required by a web shop can be adapted and combined. Design Customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of high levels of convenience, but also because of broader selections, competitive pricing, and greater access to information.[10][11] Business organizations seek to offer online shopping not only because it is of much lower cost compared to bricks and mortar stores, but also because it offers access to a world wide market, increases customer value, and builds sustainable capabilities. Online publishing (also referred to as ePublishing or digital publishing) includes the digital publication of e-books, EPUBs, Digital Magazines (also sometimes known as electronic articles), and the development of digital libraries and catalogues. Electronic publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed scientific journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. It is also becoming common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers through tablet reading devices, a market that is growing by millions each year,[1] generated by online vendors such as Apple's iTunes bookstore, Amazon's bookstore for Kindle, and books in the Google Play Bookstore. Market research suggests that half of all magazine and newspaper circulation will be via digital delivery by the end of 2015[2] and that half of all reading in the United States will be done without paper by 2015.[3] Although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) is nowadays strongly associated with electronic publishing, there are many non network electronic publications such as Encyclopedias on CD and DVD, as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high speed access to a network. Electronic publishing is also being used in the field of test-preparation in developed as well as in developing economies for student education (thus partly replacing conventional books) - for it enables content and analytics combined - for the benefit of students.[4] The use of electronic publishing for textbooks may become more prevalent with iBooks from Apple Inc. and Apple's negotiation with the three largest textbook suppliers in the U.S.[5] Electronic publishing is increasingly popular in works of fiction as well as with scientific articles. Electronic publishers are able to provide quick gratification for late-night readers, books that customers might not be able to find in standard book retailers (erotica is especially popular in eBookformat[citation needed]), and books by new authors that would be unlikely to be profitable for traditional publishers. While the term "electronic publishing" is primarily used today to refer to the current offerings of online and web-based publishers, the term has a history of being used to describe the development of new forms of production, distribution, and user interaction in regard to computer-based production of text and other interactive media.