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= 🌐BlockDAG new tokenomics = BlockDAG Network (BDAG), fueled by Proof of Work consensus, emerges as a global frontrunner in Layer 1 blockchain. Crafted with a laser focus on speed, security, and decentralization, it perfectly balances transactional efficiency and democratic governance, eliminating block wastage. Its DAG structure fosters scalability and concurrency, accommodating multiple blocks simultaneously.

With its current ability to process 10 blocks per second and ambitions to exceed 30, BlockDAG is set to reinvent mining efficiency and consistency. This enhancement in speed holds the potential to empower miners with a good hash rate to consistently mine on 1 block continuously.

BlockDAG solves several key challenges in decentralized networks through its hybrid consensus mechanism, distinguishing it from other traditional Proof-of-work consensus models. The primary problem it deals with is enhancing transaction security and efficiency.

Unlike the Nakamoto consensus, which is vulnerable to 51% attacks, BlockDAG's DAG technology eliminates orphan blocks and accelerates throughput. Central to its mission is the resolution of the decentralization conundrum, underpinning high security and scalability.

BlockDAG’s primary objective is to resolve the decentralization dilemma while maintaining high security, accessibility, and scalability. The network employs an efficient mining process backed by a next-generation confirmation mechanism to validate transactions and mitigate dependence on large mining pools.

BlockDAG, an alternative to traditional blockchains, is one of its kind in the market. It allows validators to add multiple blocks and use parallel transaction processing, improving scalability. Through reduced latency, improved decentralization, and a dynamic consensus mechanism, BlockDAG solves common but tricky bottlenecks in the crypto domain.

BlockDAG is the swiftest Proof of Work consensus mechanism, achieving a confirmation speed of 10 blocks per second. The network’s cryptocurrency mining rigs exhibit remarkable efficiency, enabling the miners to accumulate up to 2,000 coins per day ($100 per day at launch). With a vision to take everyone under one umbrella, BlockDAG offers educational networks and dApps to help everyone.

Additionally, this project’s presale allows users to acquire BDAG coins at discounted prices. Coin acquisition at great rates sets up contributions from early joiners to significant value addition. Furthermore, the project aims to achieve mainnet launch within six months, differentiating it from other projects characterized by prolonged development phases.

BlockDAG’s mining ecosystem is another milestone achieved by this project. BlockDAG’s X series mining rigs hold a supreme position in cryptocurrency mining due to their high-end energy efficiency and reduced operational noise. In line with an eco-conscious approach to crypto mining, BlockDAG also facilitates a smartphone-based mining option that doesn’t affect the device resources much.

For users who prioritize substantial returns from their investments, dedicated mining rigs are known for their high hashing power per watt, surpassing the industry’s average energy efficiency. BlockDAG’s X-series mining range caters to a vast audience, offering mobile-friendly mining options such as the X1 app for beginners and the mining rigs X10, X30, and X100 for advanced miners.

The diverse product line of BlockDAG not only provides users with multiple streams of income but also allows users to resell their rigs at a premium on various e-commerce platforms. With daily mining potentials ranging from 20 BDAG to 2,000 BDAG, BlockDAG’s mining ecosystem empowers users to participate at various levels according to their goals.

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= ⚙️Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) Technology = Blockchain networks, notably Bitcoin and Ethereum's Proof of Work (PoW) variants, are founded on the PoW consensus mechanism. In this model, miners are pivotal in generating blocks encapsulating newly initiated transactions, a PoW puzzle, and a linkage to the preceding block. These networks traditionally adopt a sequential chain configuration, appending new blocks exclusively to the most extended chain and sidelining others.

The integrity of these chains is predicated on the robust connectivity among honest nodes. The design ensures that when a block is added to the chain, it is disseminated across all honest nodes before formulating the subsequent block. To facilitate this, the network deliberately moderates the pace of block production, allowing ample time for the widespread distribution of the latest block. For example, Bitcoin enforces a ten-minute interval between block creations.

The BlockDAG framework introduces an advanced protocol leveraging a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure to organize blocks, hence the designation BlockDAG. Contrasting with the linear architecture of traditional blockchains, wherein each block references a singular predecessor, BlockDAG enables blocks to reference multiple preceding nodes. This multiplicity of references permits the inclusion of a greater number of blocks within the network, enhancing transaction capacity and network throughput.

However, the transition to a BlockDAG structure is not without its challenges. Primary among these is the necessity to thwart the incorporation of blocks from adversarial entities. Furthermore, it is imperative to devise a methodology for the linear ordering of the DAG to sequence transactions accurately. To elucidate, consider a block DAG denoted as G, wherein each block acknowledges all preceding blocks known to the miner at the time of its creation.

Utilizing block H as an illustrative example, the terminology associated with the DAG includes:

Past(H) = {Genesis, C, D, E} – blocks which H references directly or indirectly, and which were created before H;

Future (H) = {J, K, M} – blocks which reference H directly or indirectly, and which were created after H;

Anticone (H) = {B, F, I, L} – the order between these blocks and H is ambiguous. Deciding the order between H and blocks in anticone (H) is the main challenge of a DAG protocol.

Tips(G) = {J, L, M} – leaf-blocks, namely, blocks with in-degree 0; these will be referenced in the header of the next block

Emphasizing a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) as a ledger underscores a strategic approach to on-chain scaling. This paradigm signifies a pivotal advancement in augmenting blockchain scalability, complementing the efficacy of existing off-chain scaling solutions. The implementation of DAG technology represents a forward-thinking stride towards resolving the scalability conundrum, promising a more inclusive and efficient blockchain infrastructure.

= 🧮BlockDAG Protocol = Before introducing the protocol specifics, it is essential to lay down some fundamental definitions to ensure clarity and understanding throughout this exposition.

Definition: Within a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) denoted as G = (C, E), where C represents a set of blocks and E symbolizes the hash references or edges between these blocks, a subset S of C is termed a k-cluster if for every block B within S, the size of the intersection between S and the anticone of B does not exceed k.

Here, the term "anticone" refers to the set of blocks in C that are not reachable from B and do not include B itself. It is common to denote the presence of a block within a DAG by B ∈ G, which simplifies to B ∈ C. The parameter k is predetermined and plays a crucial role in forming clusters within the DAG.

Maximum k-cluster SubDAG (MCSk) Problem:

Input: A DAG G = (C, E)

Output: A subset S ⊆ C of maximal size such that for every block B within S, the size of the intersection between S and the anticone of B is at most k.

To elucidate, consider identifying the largest 3-cluster within a specific DAG, comprising blocks denoted as A, B, C, D, F, G, I, J, and colour-coded in blue for visual clarity. It is verifiable that each block within this blue-coded set has a maximum of three other blue blocks in its anticone, underscoring that this set is the largest possible to adhere to the specified condition. By setting the PHANTOM protocol’s inter-connectivity parameter to k = 3, it is inferred that a maximum of four blocks can be produced within each unit of time delay.

As a result, the expected size of any anticone typically does not surpass three blocks. Blocks not included within the largest 3-cluster, specifically E, H, and K (marked in red), are presumed, with high probability, to be associated with adversarial actions.

For instance, block E has six blue blocks within its anticone (B, C, D, F, G, I), suggesting these blocks did not reference E, likely due to E being intentionally withheld from their miners. In a similar vein, block K has six blue blocks in its anticone (B, C, G, F, I, J), indicating that while its miner might have received some blocks from (B, C, D, G), it contravened the mining protocol by failing to reference them, thereby hinting at malicious intent.