User:Ramijibreen/sandbox

Electronic-Government

As governments in developing countries make choices to pursue public administration reforms, many are using ICTs to offer e-Government services. E-Government is the centerpiece of information systems-supported reforms to digitize the delivery of services and the process of governance occurring across all levels of government. E-Government utilizes the Internet and the World Wide Web for both service delivery and information dissemination. For this report, e-Government is defined as: the use of information and communication technologies in government to provide public services to improve managerial effectiveness and to promote democratic values and mechanisms; as well as a regulatory framework that facilitates information intensive initiatives and fosters the knowledge society (Gil-Garcia and Luna-Reyes 2003). E-Government is broadly defined because governments themselves serve multiple roles. By using ICTs in this way, governments expect to improve the quality of services and reduce the costs of delivering services. Other e-Government goals are to improve the utilization of scarce resources, enhance accountability and transparency, expand the role of markets, and restore citizen trust and faith in government.

The Disadvantages of Electronic-Government The main disadvantage concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public access to the internet, reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of government groups that could influence and bias public opinions. Potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, include disinter-mediation of the government and citizens, impacts on economic, social and political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks and disturbance to the status quo in these areas.

Hyper-surveillance: Once the government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, the citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. E.g This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them.

Cost: Although large amount of money is spent on the development and implementation of e-government the outcomes and effects of trial internet-based governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.

Inaccessibility: An e-government site that provides web based access and support often does not offer the potential to reach many users including those who live in the remote areas, have low literacy levels and exist on poverty line incomes.

Closer Look at e-Government Failure Clearly with the pressures of using technologies and issues of managing ICT-enabled services, government leaders fear taking on e-Government projects that may fail. While estimates vary, approximately 60% of e-Government projects fail. There are no official statistics on the failure rate of e-Government projects in developing countries. The UN Report, e-Government at the Crossroads, concludes that despite the very limited data on e-Government failures, the number of projects that fail is high (United Nations 2003). “Some analysts estimate the rate of failure of e-Government projects in countries with developing economies to be very high, at around 60-80% (with the higher rate of failure characteristic of Africa). This can look like a staggering figure - until one reviews data concerning the industrialized countries. Gartner Research puts the rate of failure of e-Government projects at about 60%. The Standish Group estimates that only 28% of all ICT projects in 2000 in the U.S., in both government and industry, were successful with regard to budget, functionality and timeliness. 23 % were cancelled and the remainder succeeded only partially, failing on at least one of the three counts” (United Nations 2003 60-61). Researchers have identified numerous.

reasons for these failures including (Kreps and Richardson 2007): • Drivers of ICT Project Failures; • Systems delivered late; • Creeping scope; • Software not reliable and robust; • Software not delivering the promised functionality; • Lack of integration and effective interface with legacy systems; • Escalating costs; • Lack of consultation with users or stakeholders; • Data integrity and confidentiality issues; • Poor knowledge of the system and lack of suitable training

The Advantages of Electronic-Government The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. It allows for government transparency because it allows the public to be informed about what the government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement.

The main advantage while implementing electronic government will be to improve the efficiency of the current system( Paper based system). That would in return same money and time. The introduction would also facilitate better communications between governments and businesses. For example: E-procurement facilitates G2G and B2B communication; this will permit smaller business to compete for government contracts as well as larger business. hence the advantage of creating an open market and stronger economy. Business and citizens can obtain information at a faster speed and it is possible at any time of the day.

The society is moving towards the mobile connections and the ability of an e-government service to be accessible to citizens irrespective of location throughout the country brings the next and potentially biggest benefit of an e-government service as we live in what is now termed as the Knowledge era.

The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services, and more transparency and accountability.

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ما هو عنوان الأي بي (ip address)؟

في العالم الاتصالات والانترنت هناك برتوكولات عامة للتعامل بين الاجهزة والسيرفرات لضمان الاتصال بشكل صحيح ووصول المعلومات بشكل سريع وصحيح احد هذي البروتوكولات هو بروتوكول (ip) … و كلمة الـ (ip) هي اختصار لكملة كلمة internet protocol .. وظيفة هذا البرتوكول اعطاء كل جهاز رقم او عنوان خاص به (لتوضيح الفكرة كـ مثال لكل منا رقم هاتف خاص به .. لترسل رسالة الى احمد يجب ان تعرف رقمه وترسل على ذلك الرقم حتى لا تذهب الرسالة لـ محمد وهو الشخص الخاطئ ) كذلك في عالم الانترنت هناك نفس الفكرة … لذلك كل من يستطيع دخول الانترنت لديه عنوان خاص به يسمى ip address ..

ما الذي كان بالـ ipv4 ؟ وماهي مشاكله ؟

يتكون IP Address من 32 بت ويقسم على اربع خانات من الارقام كل خانة تحتوي علي رقم من 0 الي 255 وبالتالي يكون مجموعهم 256 كل خانة من هذه الخانات تسمي Octet وهي ترمز للرقم 8 فالخانة الواحدة تحتوي علي اي رقم من 2^1 الي 2^8 (اثنين اس ثمانية) .. اي ان الشكل الرئيسي لعنوان الاي بي هو التالي : x.x.x.x حيث ان x يتغير من 0 الى 255 .. وذلك يسمح لنا بإمكان اعطاء عناوين لـ 4.3 مليار شخص تقريبا .. لكن مع تطور وسائل الاتصال وانتشار ثقافة الانترنت … تزايد عدد دخول الاشخاص حول العالم بشكل كبير مما أدى الى نفاذ تلك العناوين .. فكان من الواجب اكتشاف طريقة جديدة للـ العنونه تعطينا مساحة اكبر من العناوين مع تزايد المشتركين الذين يدخلون الى شبكة الانترنت يوميآ.

ما هو الـ ipv6 ؟ ماهي المشاكل التي سيحلها ؟

عند ظهور مشكلة نفاذ العنوانين كان من الواجب التحرك لتطوير البديل فكان الحل هو ان يقوموا بالعمل على إنشاء إصدار جديد من بروتوكول الإنترنت وهو ما يعرف بـ IPv6 او الإصدار السادس من بروتوكول الإنترنت والذي يوفر عدد كبير جدا من العناوين (يقارب 340 تريليون تريليون تريليون)، وفي هذا الاصدار  يستخدم 128 بت للعنوان الواحد (مثلا على العناوين الجديدة  : 2001:1234:5678:9:1:2:3:4)  وبالتالي توفير عدد كبير من العناوين مما يعطينا مساحة كبيرة لتوسيع تطبيقاتنا المرتبطة بشبكة الانترنت وفيه هذا الاصدار يمكن ان يكون للشخص اكثر من 5000 عنوان حاليا .. مما يحل الكثير من المشاكل التي تواجهها الكثير من الشركات والمؤسسات في استخدام عنوان اي بي واحد مشترك لكل اجهزة الشركة للدخول على الانترنت عن طريق برتوكول الـ NAT … والاكتفاء بعنوان داخليه مختلفة لكنها موحده في الاتصال بالانترنت.

ماهي آثار هذا الإصدار أو كيف سيؤثر ذلك عليّ ؟

لن تشعر باي تغير في الاتصال بشبكة الانترنت او التصفح او الاستخدام العادي لشبكة الانترنت … الا في حالة ان المودم او جهاز الشبكة او نظام التشغيل  الذي لديك قديم لايدعم هذا النوع الجديد من العناوين .. ملاحظة : في الغالب جميع أنظمة التشغيل والمتصفحات وأجهزة الكمبيوتر تدعم IPv6

أخيرا :

الاصدار الجديد من هذا البروتوكول سيفيد كثير في نقلة نوعية في عدد الاجهزة المرتبطة في شبكة الانترنت كـ الجوالات و أنظمة التحكم بالمنازل و الاجهزة المحمولة كالايباد والجالكسي تاب والكثير الكثير ممايتيح لنا التطور بشكل سريع تجاه تطوير الانظمة الذكية المرتبطة بالانترنت والتحكم عن بعد '

SAP software products provide powerful instruments for helping companies to manage their financials, logistics, human resources, and other business areas. The backbone of SAP software offering is SAP ERP system which is the most advanced Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system from currently available ones. SAP has evolved to offer application software for supporting complex business functionality and in this post we are going to explain (on high level) how does SAP work. SAP System Architecture

It is a good idea to start answering the question “How Does SAP Work?” with a discussion of what the components of an SAP ERP system are, how they are related to each other, and what are their purposes. We should mention that SAP ERP is not the only SAP software component. There are other business application components such as Business Intelligence (BI), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). However, in this article we are going to focus on SAP ERP because it is the primary component and provides capabilities for integrating business data from other application components.

SAP ERP system is commonly structured in a three-tier client/server architecture. The three-tier architecture is the recommended one because it enables high scalability and flexibility but SAP can also be deployed on two- and one-tier architectures. Figure 1 provides a graphical illustration of the differences between these architectures.

-Functional SAP ERP Modules

1-Human Resource Management (SAP HRM), also known as Human Resource (HR) 2-Production Planning (SAP PP) 3-Material Management (SAP MM) 4-Financial Supply Chain Management (SAP FSCM) 5-Sales and Distribution (SAP SD) 6-Project System (SAP PS) 7-Financial Accounting and Controlling (SAP FICO)