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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase (stub)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylenchoidea (stub)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NgAgo (group article)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockdown (start)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosyltransferase (stub)

The cellular tropism of enveloped viruses can be expanded by the production of pseudotypes, or phenotypically mixed particles. The process of pseudotyping occurs during the assembly of virals in cells that have been infected by two or more viruses (1). A vector that has become known to form pseudotypes is the Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Through phenotypic mixing, heterologous glycoproteins(GP), which are derived from other enveloped viruses, are incorporated with HIV-1 to form pseudotypes (1). The natural envelop of lentivirus is replaced with a heterologous envelope. The envelope glycoprotein is from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), which allows vectors to infect a broad range of cell types (2).This results in the broadening of the vector's host-cell range (1).

There are different types of envelope glycoproteins that can be used to pseudotype viral vectors. These GPs include those from Mokola virus, rabies virus, MLV virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, marine leukemia virus, and Ebola virus (2). The rabies-G pseudotyped vectors are especially effective in increasing the tropism of virus vectors, since the rabies virus has natural neural tropism. Viral vectors that are required to target the central nervous system are usually pseudotyped using rabies virus-derived GPs (1). Viruses, such as polio, herpes, and rabies, can enter the central nervous system through retrograde axonal transport. In their paper, Mazarakis et al., showed that pseudotyping lentivrial vectors with rabies-G increased gene transfer to neurons through mediated retrograde axonal transport.

(1)www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1368960/ (2) hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/19/2109.full.pdf+html