User:Randomuser19481967/Environment of Saudi Arabia

This is where we need to see our work.

Y.A- Saudi arabia seeks to go to natural gas 50% and renewable 50% by 2030. Net zero by 2060. Add to policy section. Also work in the fact that this allows Saudi Arabia is expanding oil production, and this in turn as they free up oil at home allows them to sell more oil.

(More on renewable energy- P.B):

ACWA power is the main hub for renewable energy, with their headquarters in Saudi Arabia. ACWA works in power generation, desalination of water and production plants in order to bring cheaper renewable energy and desalinated water to Saudi Arabia as part of the private energy sector.

Desalinated water is sea water that has been filtered so that the salt and other impurities within the sea water are taken out and the water then becomes safe for human consumption.

Saudi Arabia’s National Renewable energy program (NREP), which is led by the ministry of energy, looks over all legal and regulatory energy frameworks, and backs any initiatives for renewable energy. They have initiated recent renewable energy projects in Saudi Arabia including Solar and hydrogen plants.

Layla PV Solar Independent power project is a solar plant project that was built in Aflaj governorate, Riyadh province in Saudi Arabia by backing from the NREP in effort to establish a first round of renewable energy production in the Kingdom.

In addition to the Layla Pv Solar Independent power project, the NEOM Green Hydrogen Plant is a hydraulic alternative to the same renewable energy efforts. NEOM green Hydrogen plant is based in Oxagon a city in NEOM, Saudi Arabia that was created as a port city but is entirely floating, on the coast of the Red Sea and runs entirely on clean energy. The NEOM Green Hydrogen plant was launched in 2021 and aims for net zero emissions by 2060.

Future prospects section is also really light and the stats they currently have mentioned are out dated. Update, and include more future prospects.

P.B- Carbon cycles can contribute to the rising of sea levels and other physical changes in the environment. High transfer of carbon between bodies of water contributes to the rising sea levels on the coast of Saudi Arabia. Along with coastal sea levels rising, evidence of coastal erosion, and changing storm patterns are also evident. As a consequence of sea levels rising, there is flooding on the coastal districts of the provinces of Jeddah, Yanbu, Rabigh and Gizan, which are the most vulnerable to coastal flooding and erosion because of their location on the Western coast of Saudi Arabia, on the Red sea.

Specifically, in Jeddah, in November 2009 and again in 2022 the city experienced flooding along the coast due to changes in weather patterns consisting of thunderstorms and heavy rain.. Of Jeddah’s coast range total, the flooded areas range from 8.3-1398 km2. Jeddah has what is considered a more flat landscape, which makes it more vulnerable to rising sea levels.

The areas on the Western Coast in Jeddah that are at mean sea level are 165 km2 and the area above mean sea level is 4405 km2.

In terms of infrastructure in Jeddah, green, built-up/ road, as well as industrial infrastructure has not been impacted by the rising sea levels, making this area somewhat secure from sea levels rising. Research on Sea Levels and land use can be challenging due to the difficulty of projecting future changes that are accurate and consistent with each other, as well as gathering data that is extensive and reliable.

A.S- Adding urban pollution section and talking about how Air conditioner usage correlates with higher tempartures. Increase of temperature is leading to more usage of AC.

Note- Should we add a controversy section? Although we have all these policies listed Saudi govt is definitely not all for being green.

Y. A Work

Enviromental Program Section

The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) is a government sector created for endangered animal preservation. The Saudi government works towards creating designated areas for wildlife protection and natural resource conservation. The parks limit hunting and human development to preserve unique plant and animal species. The goal of the NCWCD is to revive destroyed areas and maintain biodiversity while increasing public environmental education research. Specifically, the NCWCD strives to protect the lava field in Harrat Al-Harrah and the sand sea and cuesta in Uruq Bani Mu'arid. The NCWCD recocnizes 15 sites for their biodiversity 12 on land and 3 on sea. They seek to increase this number to 75 including 62 sites on land and 13 at sea.

The Saudi Green Initiative in 2021 announced a plan for the largest afforestation project in Saudi Arabia. This includes planting 10 billion trees within the Kingdoms borders, and rehabilitate 40 million hectacres of land. The Kingdom aims to plant 450 million trees by 2030. They seek to accomplish this through creating carbon sinks, but also through urban planning creating green spaces within cities. The kingdom seeks to combat urban sprawl with this program through these green spaces. As of October 2023, the kingdom announced at the MENA climate week event that between 2017 and 2023 they've succesfully planted 41 million trees. They also reworked their original plan of the rehabilitation of 40 million hectaacres of land to 74.8 million pushing an even more ambitiious policy.

In order to boost organic agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture allocated an amount of $431,000 to help many farmers go organic. In addition in 2018 the organic famring action plan was unveiled which planned to allocate 200 million dollars toward increasing organic agricutlure by 300% with an emphasis on safety, sustainability, and high-profit farming in order to benefit the economy.

Future Prospects section

In 2019, Saudi Arabia started to take serious steps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as a source of electricity. Thus, Saudi Arabia planned to build the largest wind farm in the middle east. The farm was under construction in Dumat Al-Jandal, Al Jawf region, Saudi Arabia. An amount of  $500 million was allocated to construct the wind farm with a capacity of 400 megawatts (MW). The wind farm was connected to the grid as of August, 2021. This power now supplies 70,000 homes in Saudi Arabia, and a number more major projects amounting to 11.4GW are currently in the works.

Saudi and Middle East Green initivative have set a number of goals regarding policy in relation to the environment. This includes an goal of reaching 50% of energy produced by renewable energies by 2030 and aiming to be net zero by 2060. The Saudi government has made a number of ambitious climate goals in relation to the kingdoms Saudi Vision 2030 project.

Controversy In Saudi Arabias Enviromental Policy

Although the Saudi government has engaged in combatting emissions and ambitious enviromental policy at home, they remain a large contributor to the global export of oil, a large carbon emitter. The kingdom seeks to burn less oil at home in order to have a larger supply to sell abroad. Saudi officials at the conference of the parites in Glasgow and Sharm el Sheikh have been accused of blocking efforts that may threaten global demand for oil. This places a question mark on the legitimacy of enviromental policy and the sincerness of the kingdom to reduce global emissions.

A.S. Work -

Under the Urban Pollution Section: add paragraph on AC usage

Saudi Arabian cities use air conditioning to maintain cool temperatures indoors as temperatures rise. Currently, Saudi Arabia holds the highest share of AC for household electricity consumption due to the rising heat in the country. Studies trace the warming temperature of approximately 3°C in the past 40 years to the increasing amount of AC usage and the electricity demand that comes with it. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report states that with high emissions, Saudi Arabian temperatures in 2080 will reach 5-7°C higher than the 2000s. Cities along the coast are less sensitive to changes than the cities along the Persian Gulf coast. Northern regions and cities like Al Jawf, Ḥaʼil, Qassim, Sakākah, Buraydah, and Arar face higher temperature rates. This significant temperature increase impacts all aspects of life. The Saudi population will experience economic changes, such as a 1.3% decrease yearly in Saudi Arabian GDP, which will continue to rise to 5.4% in the long run. Mortality rates will increase as well due to rising temperatures. The G20 Climate Risk Analysis states that the high carbon pathway of Saudi Arabia if continued, will lead to sea temperature and level changes, forestry issues, and water contaminants that impact economic endeavors like agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure, and tourism.

Climate control technology is essential in Saudi Arabia when looking at the average family's temperatures and the architectural style of houses. Large villa-style houses require AC units in the majority of their large rooms. 73% of people in Saudi Arabia utilize air conditioning for over 10 hours out of the day, year-round, and a substantial majority of the 73% leave the machines running non-stop to combat deadly temperatures in the summer months. The association between increased electricity and increasing temperatures is expected but difficult for the country to combat as the problem worsens, requiring more air conditioning for most citizens to live comfortably. Saudi Arabia has begun to combat these issues through higher standards for AC, building codes, and public programs to raise awareness for energy usage.

Grammar Edited:

Y.A Work

The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) is a government sector created for endangered animal preservation. The Saudi government works towards creating designated areas for wildlife protection and natural resource conservation. The parks limit hunting and human development to preserve unique plant and animal species. The goal of the NCWCD is to revive destroyed areas and maintain biodiversity while increasing public environmental education research. Specifically, the NCWCD strives to protect the lava field in Harrat Al-Harrah and the sand sea and cuesta in Uruq Bani Mu'arid. The NCWCD recognizes 15 sites for their biodiversity, 12 on land and three on the sea. They seek to increase this number to 75, including 62 sites on land and 13 at sea.

The Saudi Green Initiative in 2021 announced a plan for the largest afforestation project in Saudi Arabia. This includes planting 10 billion trees within the Kingdom's borders and rehabilitating 40 million hectares of land. The Kingdom aims to produce 450 million trees by 2030. They seek to accomplish this through creating carbon sinks through urban planning and creating green spaces within cities. The Kingdom aims to combat urban sprawl through these green spaces with this program. As of October 2023, the Kingdom announced at the MENA Climate Week event that between 2017 and 2023, they've successfully planted 41 million trees. They also reworked their original plan of the rehabilitation of 40 million hectares of land to 74.8 million, pushing an even more ambitious policy.

To boost organic agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture allocated an amount of $431,000 to help many farmers go organic. In addition, in 2018, the organic farming action plan was unveiled, which planned to allocate 200 million dollars toward increasing organic agriculture by 300% with an emphasis on safety, sustainability, and high-profit farming to benefit the economy.

Future Prospects section

In 2019, Saudi Arabia started to take serious steps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as a source of electricity. Thus, Saudi Arabia planned to build the largest wind farm in the Middle East. The farm was under construction in Dumat Al-Jandal, Al Jawf region, Saudi Arabia. $500 million was allocated to construct the wind farm with a 400 megawatts (MW) capacity. The wind farm was connected to the grid as of August 2021. This power now supplies 70,000 homes in Saudi Arabia, and several more major projects amounting to 11.4GW are currently in the works.

Saudi and Middle East Green initiatives have set several goals regarding policy in relation to the environment. This includes a goal of reaching 50% of the energy produced by renewable energies by 2030 and aiming to be net zero by 2060. The Saudi government has made several ambitious climate goals for the Kingdom's Saudi Vision 2030 project.

Controversy In Saudi Arabia's Enviromental Policy

Although the Saudi government has engaged in combatting emissions and ambitious environmental policy at home, they remain a large contributor to the global export of oil, a large carbon emitter. The Kingdom seeks to burn less oil at home to have a larger supply to sell abroad. Saudi officials at the conference of the parties in Glasgow and Sharm el Sheikh have been accused of blocking efforts that may threaten global oil demand. This places a question mark on the legitimacy of environmental policy and the sincereness of the Kingdom to reduce its emissions.

A.S. Work -

Under the Urban Pollution Section, add a paragraph on AC usage

Saudi Arabian cities use air conditioning to maintain cool temperatures indoors as temperatures rise. Currently, Saudi Arabia holds the highest share of AC for household electricity consumption due to the rising heat in the country. Studies trace the warming temperature of approximately 3°C in the past 40 years to the increasing AC usage and the electricity demand that comes with it. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report states that with high emissions, Saudi Arabian temperatures in 2080 will reach 5-7°C higher than the 2000s. Cities along the coast are less sensitive to changes than those along the Persian Gulf coast. Northern regions and cities like Al Jawf, Ḥaʼil, Qassim, Sakākah, Buraydah, and Arar face higher temperature rates. This significant temperature increase impacts all aspects of life. The Saudi population will experience economic changes, such as a 1.3% decrease yearly in Saudi Arabian GDP, which will continue to rise to 5.4% in the long run. Mortality rates will increase as well due to rising temperatures. The G20 Climate Risk Analysis states that the high carbon pathway of Saudi Arabia, if continued, will lead to sea temperature and level changes, forestry issues, and water contaminants that impact economic endeavors like agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure, and tourism.

Climate control technology is essential in Saudi Arabia when looking at the average family's temperatures and the architectural style of houses. Large villa-style houses require AC units in the majority of their large rooms. 73% of people in Saudi Arabia utilize air conditioning for over 10 hours out of the day, year-round, and a substantial majority of the 73% leave the machines running non-stop to combat deadly temperatures in the summer months. The association between increased electricity and increasing temperatures is expected but difficult for the country to combat as the problem worsens, requiring more air conditioning for most citizens to live comfortably. Saudi Arabia has begun to combat these issues through higher standards for AC, building codes, and public programs to raise awareness for energy usage.