User:Rcameron3/Gila River Valley

Early Inhabitants
The Huhugam people migrated to the Gila River Valley around 300 BCE. They constructed over 500 miles of canals and were able to farm and conduct trade along the river. It is estimated that around 50,000-60,000 Huhugam people populated the Gila River Valley at the height of their “Classic Period” (around 1150-1450 CE). The Huhugam are considered the ancestors of the Akimel O’odham or Pima people. Around 1450 CE, nomadic Apache people arrived in the Gila Valley and Huhugam urban centers were abandoned. The Apache continued to raid the Pima with even more success after the introduction of horses into the area. An Apache assault in 1780 led to the death or capture of 120 Pima. The Pima were able to thrive in the midst of the desert by cultivating crops along the Gila River. When the Pee-Posh (or Maricopa) tribe was driven out from the Yuman tribal people in the 1840s, they found refuge along the Gila River with the Pima. After the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 incorporated the Gila Valley into the new Arizona Territory, an Indian Reservation was created along the Gila River in 1859. As of 1939, the Pima and Maricopa peoples are a part of the Gila River Indian Community today.

Exploration
The southernmost portion Arizona was purchased by the United States Government from Mexico in 1853 as part of the Gadsden Purchase. President Franklin Pierce commanded soldiers posted near the newly acquired land to determine the new boundaries of the Arizona Territory. General James Henry Carleton led a handful of soldiers on this surveying expedition. During the expedition in Graham Country, General Carleton took note of a tactical location offering a wide open view of the Gila Valley where he would later establish Fort Goodwin. In addition, scouts from railroad companies explored the Gila River Valley looking for a potential railroad route across the newly bought land. It wasn't until early 1878 that the first group of Mormon scouts from Northern Arizona entered the Gila Valley with the intent to settle. The Mormon scouts returned to the Gila River Valley for a second time in 1879.

First Pioneers
Joseph K. Rodgers, alongside a small group of Mormon Pioneers, settled  Smithville in 1979 after receiving positive reports from Mormon scouts sent to the area earlier in the same year. The settlers quickly dug irrigation ditches along the banks of the Gila river and planted crops in the fertile soil.

The news of fertile land quickly spread to other Mormon settlements throughout Arizona and Utah. Between 1881 and 1884, many settler families moved to the Gila River Valley. During this time, the settlements of Curtis, Graham, Thatcher, Central, Layton, and McDonald were formed. The valley was transformed by a system of roads connecting churches, schools, and newsrooms throughout the valley. By 1885, the population of Pima (a settlement formerly known as Smithville) had grown to approximately 500 people.

Texan Ranchers
Texan ranchers also began emigrating to the Gila Valley. The 1880s brought drought, livestock diseases, overgrazing, and conflicts between ranchers in Texas. The sixth territorial governor of Arizona, Frederick A. Tritle, recognized a growing number of ranchers from Texas moving with their herds to Arizona in search of better grazing land. New railway lines made migration of families and cattle across the south easier. One notable migrant into the Gila River Valley from Texas was Glenn Reynolds, who moved over 1,800 cattle on railway cars and later became the sheriff of Gila County. The emigration of ranchers from Texas to Arizona increased settlement populations and changed the dynamics of early communities in the Gila Valley.

Mormon Settlers
The population of Graham Country increased sharply after various settlements spanning the Gila River Valley were founded. In 1883, many polygamist families fled to Southern Arizona and Mexico in order to escape federal prosecution and imprisonment under the new Edmunds Tucker Law, which banned the practice of polygamy in the United States and its territories. Many of these families settled in the Gila River Valley. This massive influx of people led General Authorities of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints to authorize the creation of the Saint Joseph stake, with President Christopher Layton serving as president.

A vast majority of the Mormon settlers primarily sustained themselves either by farming or working as freighters for the surrounding mines in Morenci and Clifton. These farmers dug 40 miles of new irrigation canals and added between 15 to 20 miles to the pre-existing canals. A small number of farmers living in Smithville banded together to create a co-op called the “Smithville Irrigation and Manufacturing Company”, which established a mercantile headed by Hyrum Weech. In 1886, the construction of a railroad line to the mines in the Clifton and Morenci area brought an end to many freight lines as the railroad charged cheaper rates to transport goods. Because of this, many freighters began working for mines and businesses in the Globe area. A sawmill was built on nearby Mount Graham, along with a complicated network of flumes and cable tramways constructed to facilitate the transport of the wood down to the Gila River Valley. With access to lumber, settlers in the area began constructing buildings out of wood instead of adobe. During this time, the Saint Joseph Stake Academy was created. This school provided settler children the opportunity to be educated both spiritually and academically. The Saint Joseph Stake Academy was later renamed Eastern Arizona College, which is still in operation as a community college.

The Gila River Valley was advertised as a fertile land with temperate weather and long growing seasons. These attributes of the valley attracted many immigrants. Newly converted Mormons, especially from the Eastern United States and Europe, flocked to the Gila River Valley to claim land of their own.

The Southern Pacific Railroad established a line that ran through the Gila River Valley in 1895. The first telephone wires spanned through the valley in 1898. In 1900, the Bank of Safford was established and a flour mill was also opened.

Population of Mormons in the Gila River Valley Between 1880-1900
As shown in the table above, the Mormon population living in the Gila River Valley increased greatly between the years 1880 to 1900.

Early Conflicts
Between the years of 1878-1883, there was confusion about where the border of the Gila Valley Indian Reservation was. A Mormon settlement called Forestdale was created in 1878, then vacated in 1880 when local Native Americans said the land was theirs. The Mormons returned in 1881 when rumors that the land wasn’t part of the Reservation had circulated, then abandoned it indefinitely when it was confirmed Forestdale was on the Reservation lands. This debate over borders and boundaries was a point of contention for early settlers in the Gila Valley who didn't have easy access to accurate maps.

When rumors of gold in the Gila River spread in the 1870s, Americans and Mexicans began mining in the valley. Clashes between Americans, Mexicans, and Native Americans broke out constantly. One notable conflict began in 1872. The murder of Mexican settler Francisco Gandara and subsequent outrage of the local Mexicans resulted in several fatal clashes and strains in the diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico. Gandara was shot by a vigilante gang of white Americans who blamed him for the disappearance of William McFarland, though no evidence was found to implicate Gandara. This event sparked what some call the “race wars” or the “war on the Gila.” Tensions between groups remained high for decades.

A water crisis was declared in the 1870s due to Mexican and American settlements diverting the waters of the Gila River. The new towns of Adamsville and Florence were built upstream from the Gila River Indian Reservation, leaving the Pima with little of the water they claimed as their legal right. Several canals were built to bring water to the towns that held the geographical advantage, leaving the Pima with insufficient water to continue to cultivate their crops. The situation worsened with the founding of the Mormon town of Safford and settlements in Solomonville, Duncan, Pima, and Thatcher - each of which required the construction of more canals. By 1871, the Pima had no summer crops. The Reservation boundaries were expanded but water was still insufficient. Relations between the Pima and the American settlers became strained. The Pima called upon the US Army to intervene, and General Irvin McDowell brought the issue to President Rutherford B. Hayes’ attention. Hayes stopped the sale of public land along the Gila River and greatly extended the Reservation with an executive order in 1879. The Arizonan government appealed to the president, who cut back on the Reservation extension.