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= Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi =

Mohandas Ghandi was an amazing man who believed that anything could be accomplished through non-violence and the truth. He was often referred to as the father of India, as he was one of the main factors in them gaining independence from Britain, a nation that had ruled them for 100 years. Another name for him was "Mahatma", meaning "great soul" in his native Indian language. Many people believed that he was mystical and spiritual, and being in his presence would give them a spiritual blessing. His power came from him usng nonviolence as a way to solve conflicts, even though his ideas werent always supported by everyone. Gandhi's main accomplishment was leading India to Independence in 1947. This accomplishment helped him immenseley, because after this happened the only person that the Indian people believed and trusted was Mohandas Gandhi. He had freed their country and set most of them free from british rule. (Marcello, Introduction)

Mohandas Gandhi was an incredle humn being that really showed the world and it's peope that one person and one person alone really COULD make a difference, and be somebody. He introduced new ways of thinking that many people do not often think about, but are effective if used correctly.

= Early Life =

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbander, India to Putlibai and Karamchand Gandhi. He was born as the youngest of four children. His strong religious heritage came from his mother. She was a very strict Hindu who believed in the use of absolutely NO alcohol, tobacco, or meat. Mohandas and his siblings looked up to there mother very much and even thought of her as "a saint" (Marcello, 1.) In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba," and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days. ()

= Gandhi's Ways of Living =

Gandhi believed that if a person followed the principles listed below in their life, that they would be mentally stable. The main reason that he followed these beliefs while he was a child was because of his promise to his strict hindu mother that he would follow them. He later came to prove why and how these principles worked and why everyone should use them.

Non-Violence
In the past, non-co-operation has been deliberately expressed in violence to the evil-doer. I am endeavoring to show to my countrymen that violent non-co-operation only multiplies evil and that as evil can only be sustained by violence, withdrawal of support of evil requires complete abstention from violence. Nonviolence implies voluntary submission to the penalty for non-co-operation with evil.

I am not a visionary. I claim to be practical idealist. The religion of nonviolence is not meant merely for the rishis and saints. It is meant for the common people as well. Nonviolence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute. The spirit lies dormant in the brute and he knows no law but that of physical might. The dignity of man requires obedience to a higher law - to the strength of the spirit.

I have therefore ventured to place before India the ancient law of self-sacrifice. For satyagraha and its off-shoots, non-co-operation and civil resistance, are nothing but new names for the law of suffering. The rishis, who discovered the law of nonviolence in the midst of violence, were greater geniuses than Newton. They were themselves greater warriors than Wellington. Having themselves known the use of arms, they realized their uselessness and taught a weary world that its salvation lay not through violence but through nonviolence. ()

Although Mahatama Gandhi was in no way the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale. The concept of nonviolence and nonresistance has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. ()

Gandhi was not the first person to think of nonviolence, but he was one of the first to actually use it and apply it effectively. he made a huge difference in the world with this way of thinking. He tried to change the thoughts of the people, and he did, but wars continue to happen today. People do not realize what exactly Gandhi was trying to teach. Almost every other country in the world that achieved independence did so by force or by wars. Gandhi and his followers achieved India's whole independence without one bit of bloodshed. That should have shown the world what non-cooperation and non-violence can really do.

Truth
Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering truth, or Satya. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth.Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarized his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". He later changed this to "Truth is God". ()

Vegetarianism
Ghanndi was a vegetarian at first because of his promise to his mother to be a vegetarian, not consume alcohol, and not explore in promiscuality. He first followed these rules obligingly, but then later went on to write why he though being a vegetarian was the best way to be in writings like The Vegetarian, which explained why he thought that vegetarianism was the right way of consuming food. (Marcello, 4)

Faith
Gandhi believed that Faith and Non-Violence were what saved a person. He believed that Hinduism and it's beliefs were the best way to follow, but they werent always the best. He believed that as long as someone had a religion and had a faith, they were more stable. (Wolpert, 134)

Gandhi was born a Hindu and practised Hinduism all his life, deriving most of his principles from Hinduism. As a common Hindu, he believed all religions to be equal, and rejected all efforts to convert him to a different faith. He was an avid theologian and read extensively about all major religions. He had the following to say about Hinduism:

"Hinduism as I know it entirely satisfies my soul, fills my whole being...When doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon, I turn to the Bhagavad Gita, and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life has been full of tragedies and if they have not left any visible and indelible effect on me, I owe it to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita." Gandhi Smriti (The house Gandhi lodged in the last 4 months of his life has now become a monument, New Delhi)Gandhi wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita in Gujarati. The Gujarati manuscript was translated into English by Mahadev Desai, who provided an additional introduction and commentary. It was published with a Foreword by Gandhi in 1946.

Gandhi believed that at the core of every religion was truth and love (compassion, nonviolence and the Golden Rule). He also questioned hypocrisy, malpractices and dogma in all religions and was a tireless social reformer. Some of his comments on various religions are:

"Thus if I could not accept Christianity either as a perfect, or the greatest religion, neither was I then convinced of Hinduism being such. Hindu defects were pressingly visible to me. If untouchability could be a part of Hinduism, it could but be a rotten part or an excrescence. I could not understand the raison d'etre of a multitude of sects and castes. What was the meaning of saying that the Vedas were the inspired Word of God? If they were inspired, why not also the Bible and the Koran? As Christian friends were endeavouring to convert me, so were Muslim friends. Abdullah Seth had kept on inducing me to study Islam, and of course he had always something to say regarding its beauty." (source: his autobiography) "As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. There is no such thing as religion over-riding morality. Man, for instance, cannot be untruthful, cruel or incontinent and claim to have God on his side." "The sayings of Muhammad are a treasure of wisdom, not only for Muslims but for all of mankind." Later in his life when he was asked whether he was a Hindu, he replied:

"Yes I am. I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist and a Jew." In spite of their deep reverence to each other, Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore engaged in protracted debates more than once. These debates exemplify the philosophical differences between the two most famous Indians at the time. On 15 January 1934, an earthquake hit Bihar and caused extensive damage and loss of life. Gandhi maintained this was because of the sin committed by upper caste Hindus by not letting untouchables in their temples (Gandhi was committed to the cause of improving the fate of untouchables, referring to them as Harijans, people of Krishna). Tagore vehemently opposed Gandhi's stance, maintaining that an earthquake can only be caused by natural forces, not moral reasons, however repugnant the practice of untouchability may be. ()

Simplicity
Ghandi believed that he should "reduce himself to total zero". This meant that he shouldnot spend any more money than was absolutely necessary. He believed that if anyone spent more money than necessary, they were being ridiculous. (Marcello, 5)

Gandhi earnestly believed that a person involved in social service should lead a simple life which he thought could lead to Brahmacharya. His simplicity began by renouncing the western lifestyle he was leading in South Africa. He called it "reducing himself to zero," which entailed giving up unnecessary expenditure, embracing a simple lifestyle and washing his own clothes. On one occasion he returned the gifts bestowed to him from the natals for his diligent service to the community.

Gandhi spent one day of each week in silence. He believed that abstaining from speaking brought him inner peace. On such days he communicated with others by writing on paper. For three and a half years, from the age of 37, Gandhi refused to read newspapers, claiming that the tumultuous state of world affairs caused him more confusion than his own inner unrest.

After reading John Ruskin's Unto This Last, he decided to change his lifestyle and create a commune called Phoenix Settlement.

Upon returning to India from South Africa, where he had enjoyed a successful legal practice, he gave up wearing Western-style clothing, which he associated with wealth and success. He dressed to be accepted by the poorest person in India, advocating the use of homespun cloth (khadi). Gandhi and his followers adopted the practice of weaving their own clothes from thread they themselves spun, and encouraged others to do so. While Indian workers were often idle due to unemployment, they had often bought their clothing from industrial manufacturers owned by British interests. It was Gandhi's view that if Indians made their own clothes, it would deal an economic blow to the British establishment in India. Consequently, the spinning wheel was later incorporated into the flag of the Indian National Congress. He subsequently wore a dhoti for the rest of his life to express the simplicity of his life. ()

The Salt March
Gandhi then launched a new satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930, highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, marching 400 kilometres (248 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to set all political prisoners free in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. ()

Non Cooperation
In the past, non-co-operation has been deliberately expressed in violence to the evil-doer. I am endeavoring to show to my countrymen that violent non-co-operation only multiplies evil and that as evil can only be sustained by violence, withdrawal of support of evil requires complete abstention from violence. ()

Gandhi believed that noncooperation mixed with violence wiith eveil, but if you mixed it with nonviolence it could do amazing things.

= Gandhi's Imprisonment =

While Gandhi was imprisoned at the Aga Khan's Poona Palace, Gandhi made some incredible writings about nonviolence and his principles. While he was there, one of greatest inspirations, Mahadev, died while he was there, Gandhi had to prepare his corpse for cremation. (Wolpert, 205)

= Gandhi's Writings =

434. A believer in nonviolence is pledged not to resort to violence or physical force either directly or indirectly in defence of anything, but he is not precluded from helping men or institutions that are themselves not based on nonviolence. If the reverse were the case, I would, for instance, be precluded from helping India to attain Swaraj because the future Parliament of India under Swaraj, I know for certain, will be having some military and police forces, or to take a domestic illustration, I may not help a son to secure justice, because forsooth he is not a believer in nonviolence.

Mr. Zacharias’ proposition will reduce all commerce by a believer in nonviolence to an impossibility. And there are not wanting men, who do believe that complete nonviolence means complete cessation of all activity.

Not such, however, is my doctrine of nonviolence. My business is to refrain from doing any violence myself, and to induce by persuasion and service as many of god’s creatures as I can to join me in the belief and practice. But I would be untrue to my faith, if I refused to assist in a just cause any men or measures that did not entirely coincide with the principle of nonviolence. I would be promoting violence, if finding the Mussalmans to be in the right, I did not assist them by means strictly nonviolent against those who had treacherously plotted the destruction of the dignity of Islam. Even when both parties believe in violence there is often such a thing as justice on one side or the other. A robbed man has justice on his side, even though he may be accounted as a triumph of nonviolence, if the injured party could be persuaded to regain his property by methods of satyagraha, i.e. love or soul-force rather than a free fight.

435. My resistance to war does not carry me to the point of thwarting those who wish to take part in it. I reason with them. I put before them the better way and leave them to make the choice.

436. I accept broad facts of history and draw my own lessons for my conduct. I do not want to repeat it in so far as the broad facts contradict the highest laws of life. But positively refuse to judge man from the scanty material furnished to us by history. De mortuis nil nisi bonum. Kamal Pasha and De Valera too I cannot judge. But for me as a believer I nonviolence out and out they cannot be my guides in life in so far as their faith in war is concerned. I believe in Krishna perhaps more than the writer. But my Krishna is the Lord of the Universe, the creator, preserver and destroyer of us all. He may destroy because He creates. But I must not be drawn into a philosophical or religious argument with my friends. I have not the qualification for teaching my philosophy of life. I have barely qualifications for practising the philosophy I believe. I am but a poor struggling soul yearning to be wholly good-wholly truthful and wholly nonviolent in thought, word and deed, but ever failing to reach the ideal which I know to be true. I admit, and assure my revolutionary friends, that it is a painful climb, but the pain of it is a positive pleasure for me. Each step upward makes me feel stronger and fit for the next. But all that pain and pleasure are for me. The revolutionaries are at liberty to reject the whole of my philosophy. To them I merely present my own experiences as a co-worker I the same cause even as I have successfully presented them to the Ali Brothers and many other friends. They can and do applaud whole-heartedly the action of Mustafa Kamal Pasha and possibly De Valera and Lenin. But they realize with me that India is not like Turkey or Ireland or Russia and that revolutionary activity is suicidal at this stage of the country’s life at any rate if not for all time, in a country so vast, so hopelessly divided and with the masses so deeply sunk in pauperism and so fearfully terror-struck.

437. I would say to my critics to enter with me into the sufferings, not only of the people of India but of those, whether engaged in the war or not, of the whole world. I cannot look at this butchery going on in the world with indifference. I have an unchangeable faith that it is beneath the dignity of men to resort to mutual slaughter. I have no doubt that there is a way out. ()

= Gandhi's Assassination =

On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed while having his nightly public walk on the grounds of the Birla Bhavan (Birla House) in New Delhi. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu radical with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari: हे ! राम or, He Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed. ()

= Timeline =

October 2, 1869: ·Birth of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

1883: ·Gandhi and Kasturbai are married.

1885: ·Death of Karamchand Gandhi, Gandhi's father

September 4, 1888: ·Gandhi leaves for England to study law.

June 10, 1891: ·Gandhi passes the bar exam in England.

1891-1893: ·Gandhi fails as a lawyer in India.

April 1893: ·Gandhi accepts commission to spend a year in South Africa advising on a lawsuit.

Spring 1894: ·Gandhi elects to stay on South Africa, and founds the Natal Indian Congress.

Spring 1896: ·Gandhi returns to India to collect his wife and children.

December 1896: ·Gandhi returns to South Africa with his family.

October 1899: ·Outbreak of Boer War (1899-1901) in South Africa. Gandhi organizes an ambulance corps for the British.

1901: ·Gandhi returns to India to attend the Indian National Congress. G.K. Gokhale introduces him to nationalist leaders.

1901-1906: ·Gandhi struggles toward Brahmacharya, or celibacy, finally ending his sexual activity in 1906.

1904: ·Nationalists found the magazine the Indian Opinion, and soon print it on Gandhi's farm, the "Phoenix Settlement."

July 31, 1907: ·The Boer Republic Transvaal, now under the control of the British, attempts to register all Indians as members; Gandhi and others refuse to register. Their resistance efforts mark the first use of nonviolent non-cooperation by the Indian minority in South Africa, soon calledsatyagraha, or "soul-force."

January 11, 1908: ·Gandhi is arrested and sentenced to two months in prison.

October 10, 1908: ·Gandhi is arrested again, spends a month in jail.

1909: ·Gandhi travels to London, pushing for rights of South African Indians. The Transvaal registration law is repealed.

November 13, 1913: ·Indians in Natal and Transvaal, under Gandhi's leadership, march peacefully in protest of a racist poll tax and marriage laws. The marches continue through the winter.

June 30, 1914: ·Gandhi and Smuts, the Prime Minister of the Transvaal, reach an agreement, ending the protests.

July 18, 1914: ·Gandhi sails to England.

August 1914: ·Gandhi arrives in England, just at the outbreak of World War I(1914-1918).

January 9, 1915: ·Gandhi returns home to India, and receives a hero's welcome.

May 25, 1915: ·Gandhi and his followers found Satyagraha ashram, the religiously-oriented communal farm where Gandhi, his family, and his followers will live.

April 6, 1919: ·Nationalists hold a hartal, or day of fasting and prayer, in protest of the Rowlatt Act, which drastically curtails civil liberties in India.

April 13, 1919: ·Amritsar Massacre; Under General Dyer, British troops slaughter Indian protesters.

August 1, 1920: ·Gandhi calls for a period of non-cooperation across India.

March 10, 1922: ·Gandhi is arrested for sedition.

March 1922-January 1924: ·Gandhi remains in prison.

1924-1928: ·Gandhi avoids politics, focusing his writings on the improvement of India.

1925: ·Despite his long absence from politics, Gandhi becomes President of the Indian National Congress.

February-August 1928: ·Residents in the district of Bardoli protest high rents using methods of non-cooperation inspired by Gandhi.

January 26, 1930: ·Gandhi publishes the Declaration of Independence of India.

March 2, 1931: ·Gandhi warns the Viceroy of his intention to break the Salt Laws.

March 12-April 6, 1931: ·Gandhi leads his Salt March to the sea.

May 5, 1931: ·Gandhi is arrested for violating the Salt Laws; non-cooperation movements break out across India.

January 1931: ·British government yields to protests, releases all prisoners, invites a Congress representative to Britain for a Round Table Conference (the Congress asks Gandhi to be this representative).

Autumn 1931: ·Gandhi participates in the Round Table Conference in Britain.

December 28, 1931: ·Gandhi returns to India.

January 4, 1932: ·Gandhi is arrested for sedition, and held without a trial.

September 20-25, 1932: ·Gandhi fasts in prison to protest the treatment of untouchables.

1934-38: ·Gandhi avoids politics, travels in rural India.

1935: ·Government of India Act passes British Parliament and is implemented in India; it is the first movement toward independence.

September 1939: ·World War II begins, lasting until 1945.

March 22, 1942: ·Sir Stafford Cripps arrives in India, presenting to the Indian National Congress a proposal for Dominion status (autonomy within the British Commonwealth) after the War.

August 8, 1942: ·The Indian National Congress rejects the Cripps proposal, and declares it will grant its support for the British war effort only in return for independence.

August 1942: ·Congress leaders are arrested; Gandhi is imprisoned in the Aga Khan's palace.

February 10 to March 2, 1943: ·Gandhi fasts while imprisoned, to protest British rule.

February 22, 1944: ·Death of Kasturbai

May 6, 1944: ·Gandhi is released from the Aga Khan's palace.

Summer 1944: ·Gandhi visits Muhammed Ali Jinnah in Bombay, but is unable to work out an agreement that will keep India whole.

May 16, 1946: ·British Cabinet Mission publishes proposal for an Indian state, without partition; Jinnah and the Muslim League reject the proposal.

March 1947: ·Lord Mountbatten arrives in India and hammers out agreement for independence and partition.

August 15, 1947: ·Indian independence becomes official, as does the partition into two countries, India and Pakistan.

August-December 1948: ·India dissolves into chaos and killings, as Hindus and Muslims flee for the borders of India and Pakistan.

January 30, 1948: ·Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Vinayuk Godse, a Hindu nationalist.

(Marcello, 1-5)

= Gandhi Quotes =

You must be the change you wish to see in the world.

A coward is incapable of exhibiting love; it is the prerogative of the brave.

A weak man is just by accident. A strong but non-violent man is unjust by accident.

Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Always aim at purifying your thoughts and everything will be well.

You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them.

You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never imprison my mind.

Where there is love there is life.

When restraint and courtesy are added to strength, the latter becomes irresistible.

We should meet abuse by forbearance. Human nature is so constituted that if we take absolutely no notice of anger or abuse, the person indulging in it will soon weary of it and stop.

Violent men have not been known in history to die to a man. They die up to a point.

Truth never damages a cause that is just.

To believe in something, and not to live it, is dishonest.

Those who know how to think need no teachers.

There is a sufficiency in the world for man's need but not for man's greed.

The pursuit of truth does not permit violence on one's opponent.

The main purpose of life is to live rightly, think rightly, act rightly. The soul must languish when we give all our thought to the body.

The good man is the friend of all living things.

= India Before Ghandi =

India was ruled by Britain before Gandhi stood up to the British. Great Britain had taken over England before World War I as a result of the imperialism. This meant that powerful countries, like Great Britain, would take over as many small countries as they could to gain power. The more territory a country owned, the more powerful it was. (Guha)

= India After Gandhi =

Gandhi affected India immensely and his legacy there is huge. Everyone around the world knows what Gandhi did for India, and there are statues of him everywhere. He completely recreated India's government into a democracy. Before Gandhi was born in 1869, India had been dominated by foreign rule for centuries. He was the one person to change something. He made a difference, and that is why he is so immensely commemorated.

Gandhi advised the Congress to reject the proposals the British Cabinet Mission offered in 1946, as he was deeply suspicious of the grouping proposed for Muslim-majority states—Gandhi viewed this as a precursor to partition. However, this became one of the few times the Congress broke from Gandhi's advice (though not his leadership), as Nehru and Patel knew that if the Congress did not approve the plan, the control of government would pass to the Muslim League. Between 1946 and 1948, over 5,000 people were killed in violence. Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries. An overwhelming majority of Muslims living in India, side by side with Hindus and Sikhs, were in favour of Partition. Additionally Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, commanded widespread support in West Punjab, Sindh,the North-West Frontier Province, and East Bengal. The partition plan was approved by the Congress leadership as the only way to prevent a wide-scale Hindu-Muslim civil war. Congress leaders knew that Gandhi would viscerally oppose partition, and it was impossible for the Congress to go ahead without his agreement, for Gandhi's support in the party and throughout India was strong. Gandhi's closest colleagues had accepted partition as the best way out, and Sardar Patel endeavoured to convince Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war. A devastated Gandhi gave his assent.

He conducted extensive dialogue with Muslim and Hindu community leaders, working to cool passions in northern India, as well as in Bengal. Despite the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, he was troubled when the Government decided to deny Pakistan the Rs. 55 crores (550 million Indian Rupees) due as per agreements made by the Partition Council. Leaders like Sardar Patel feared that Pakistan would use the money to bankroll the war against India. Gandhi was also devastated when demands resurged for all Muslims to be deported to Pakistan, and when Muslim and Hindu leaders expressed frustration and an inability to come to terms with one another.[20] He launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, and that the payment of Rs. 55 crores be made to Pakistan. Gandhi feared that instability and insecurity in Pakistan would increase their anger against India, and violence would spread across the borders. He further feared that Hindus and Muslims would renew their enmity and precipitate into an open civil war. After emotional debates with his life-long colleagues, Gandhi refused to budge, and the Government rescinded its policy and made the payment to Pakistan. Hindu, Muslim and Sikh community leaders, including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Mahasabha assured him that they would renounce violence and call for peace. Gandhi thus broke his fast by sipping orange juice. () -The world is weary of hate. We see the fatigue overcoming the western nations. We see that this song of hate has not benefited humanity. Let it be the privilege of India to turn a new leaf and set a lesson to the world. -Mohandas Gandhi

= Gandhi Gallery =

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= Annotated Bibliography =

Mohandas Mahatma Karamchand Gandhi
Primary:

25 Nov 2008 . Description: This was a picture of Gandhi.

Gandhi, Mahatma. The Essential Gandhi. New York, NY: Random House, Inc., 1983. Edited by: Louis Fischer Description: This was book that provided a lot of useful information. It had a lot of Gandhi's writings in it, some of which i plan to use in my "Gandhi's writings" section.

Gandhi, Mahatma." Online Photograph. Britannica Student Encyclopædia.25 Nov. 2008  Description: This was another picture of Mohandas Mahatma Karamchand Gandhi. This was him reading at his home, next to a spinning wheel. This was a sign of self-sufficiency and independence in India at the time.

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. "Application of Non-violence." 1. 25 Nov 2008 . Description: This was one of the things that Ghandi himself wrote, and it explains what non-violence can accomplish.

Gandhi, Mohandas. "Gandhi, Mahatma." Navajivan Publishing House 1-24. 25 Nov 2008 . Description: This was a writing by Mohandas Gandhi that explained the impotance of non-violence and how it could help the world, especially India.

"Mohandas Gandhi Quotes." 25 Nov 2008 <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/mohandas_gandhi.html>. Description: This was a quote that I personally liked, which Ghandi said. He said, “Be the change that you want to see in the world.” This really explained the fact that one person CAN change the world.

Secondary:

Furbee, Mary and Mike. Mohandas Gandhi. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, Inc., 2000. Description: This book explained the importance of Gandhi and his actions, and how big his view on non-violence impacted the world.

Guha, Ramachandra. India After Ghandi. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. Description: This is a book that was very informational and told how gandhi helped India and what his effect on the nation of India was.

Malaspina, Ann. Mahatma Ghandi. Berkeley Heights, NJ. Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2008 Description: This described to the reader the different acts and marches that Ghandi performed to try to speak to people and get them to change through non-violence. It also mainly described his help in the independence of India. Mandal, Bombay Sarvadoya. “Gandhi’s Views on Non-Violence” 1. 23 Nov 2008 http://www.mkghandi.org/main.htm Description: This was a third peson source that described how powerful Gandhi thought that non-violence was.

Marcello, Patricia Cronin. Mohandas K. Gandhi. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2006. Description: This was a book about Gandhi that i gained basic knowledge and insight on his life in.

“Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi” Wikipedia. 21 Nov 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mahatma_Ghandi Description: This source just described Ghandi’s life and his accomplishments.

Mohandas Ghandi. 1. 23 Nov 2008 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/ghandi_mohandas.shtml Description: This was another source that described Ghandi’s life and his accomplishments through his application of non-violence.

Kumar, Krishna. "Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi." 1-8. 25 Nov 2008 <http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhie.PDF>. Description: This source described Ghandi’s achievements and it also gace great examples of other sources to use for further research on Ghandi.

Wolpert, Stanley. Gandhi's Passion. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001. Description: This book described Gandhi's passion for the Indian people and how much he wanted to free them from British rule.