User:Reader.stef/Parabacteroides

** Article Draft **
Parabacteroides is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming genus from the family Tannerellaceae.

First isolated from fecal specimen in 1933, type strain Parabacteroides distasonis was originally classified under the name ''Bacteroides distasonis.  The strain was re-classified to form the new genus Parabacteroides'' in 2006. Parabacteroides currently comprise 21 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species, 11 of which are validly published in the taxonomic database List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).

Within the Parabacteroides genus, species P. distasonis and P. goldsteinii have been associated with both beneficial and pathogenic effects in human health, relating to their integral role in gut microbiota along the digestive tract.

Taxonomy
The taxon ID number used for prokaryotic genus Parabacteroides is 516255. Parent taxon comes from bacterial family Tannerellaceae, identified by number 29533 in the online LPSN database.

Genomics
The genomes of Parabacteroides are highly variable, both across species and within a single strain. For example, genomes isolated from type strain P. distasonis range in size from approximately 4.5 to 5.2 Mb (megabases) and encode over 2,000 functional proteins, signifying substantial variation within the species.

Species
The genus Parabacteroides comprises the following species, 11 of which are validly published by the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN):

Role in the Human Gut Microenvironment
Part of the bacterial order Bacteroidales present in the human gut, Parabacteroides are commonly found within the gut microenvironment. Parabacteroides species constitute a significant component of microbiota along the digestive tract, benefitting from a commensal relationship with the human body. Intestinal microbiota also benefit the human host, modulating essential metabolism-related processes within the gut microenvironment.

P. distasonis and P. goldsteinii in particular form biofilms in the gut microbiota, allowing these species to survive under harsh conditions and maintain ample populations in extreme pH environments. Recent studies elucidate new applications of Parabacteroides as probiotics, supporting balanced microbiota composition as a benefit to human digestive health. Both P. distasonis and P. goldsteinii exhibit anti-obesity effects via production of secondary bile acids and succinate within the gut microenvironment. Studies on Parabacteroides species P. distasonis reveal metabolic benefits of this mechanism, including control of weight gain, decrease in hyperglycemia, and amelioration of hepatic steatosis and other metabolic diseases.

Bibliography (will be removed from completed article)

 * 1) Parte, A.C. "Parabacteroides". LPSN.
 * 2) * This website contains RNA and genus-characterizing information for the genus Parabacteroides. A neutral, informational source. Currently contributes to one sentence on the Wiki page, though further information may be taken from this source to expand upon the content of the "Parabacteroides" article.
 * 3) "Parabacteroides". www.uniprot.org.
 * 4) * This website contains imprtant taxonomic and RNA-characterizing information for Parabacteroides. Another neutral, informational source. Contributes to one sentence already in the article, though further information may be taken from this source to expand upon the "Parabacteroides" Wiki page.
 * 5) Sakamoto, M., & Benno, Y. (2006). Reclassification of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides merdae as Parabacteroides distasonis gen. nov., comb. nov., Parabacteroides goldsteinii comb. nov. and Parabacteroides merdae comb. nov., International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 56(7), 1599-1605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64192-0.
 * 6) * Paper published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, which reported the original 'discovery' of unique genus Parabacteroides.
 * 7) * Highly informational source- will be important for expanding information on this Wiki page.
 * 8) Garrity, George M. (2011). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology (2nd ed.), New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
 * 9) Dermody, N., Engleberg, V., DiRita, T. (2013). Schaechter's mechanisms of microbial disease (5th ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 * 10) Gophna, U. (2013). Lateral gene transfer in evolution, New York, NY: Springer.
 * 11) Krogh, T.J., Agergaard C.N., Møller-Jensen J., Justesen U.S. (2015). Draft Genome Sequence of Parabacteroides goldsteinii with Putative Novel Metallo-β-Lactamases Isolated from a Blood Culture from a Human Patient, Genome Announcements, 3(4), e00937-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00937-15.
 * 12) https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/2/248 -- anti-obesity effects of p. goldsteinii
 * 13) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34196581/#:~:text=Parabacteroides%20distasonis%20is%20the%20type,gastrointestinal%20tract%20of%20numerous%20species. -- probiotics
 * 14) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49462-w -- parabacteroides species are markers for anti-obesity mechanisms in the human gut
 * 15) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124718319582?via%3Dihub
 * 16) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6728636/