User:RebekahThorn/Dustbox

In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. haplogroup R-V88 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a West Asian lineage that has experienced at least one major back migration into and across Africa.

R1b1c (R-V88)
R1b1c (formerly R1b1a) is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al. Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in northern and central Africa:

As can be seen in the above data table, R1b1c is found in northern Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from Eurasia.

Suggestive results from other studies which did not test for the full range of new markers discovered by Cruciani et al. have also been reported, which might be in R-V88.
 * Wood et al. reported high frequencies of men who were P25 positive and M269 negative, amongst the same north Cameroon area where Cruciani et al. reported high R-V88 levels. However they also found such cases amongst 3% (1/32) of Fante from Ghana, 9% (1/11) of Bassa from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/24) of Herero from Namibia, 5% (1/22) of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (4/92) of Egyptians, and 4% (1/28) of Tunisians.
 * Luis et al. found the following cases of men M173 positive (R1), but negative for M73 (R1b1b1), M269 (R1b1b2), M18 (R1b1a1, a clade with V88, M18 having been discovered before V88) and M17 (R1a1a): 1 of 121 Omanis, 3 of 147 Egyptians, 2 of 14 Bantu from southern Cameroon, and 1 of 69 Hutu from Rwanda.
 * Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of several Saharan Tuareg populations, found one third of 31 men tested from near Tanut in Niger to be in R1b.

R-M18
R1b1c1 is a sub-clade of R-V88 which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18. It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia and Lebanon.

Phylogenetic Trees
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup R-V88. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center Draft Tree
This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup R-V88. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.


 * R-P25.1 P25.1
 * R-V88 V88
 * R-M18 M18

Y-DNA R-M207 Subclades
• R-L21

• R-L295

• R-M124

• R-M167

• R-M17

• R-M173

• R-M207

• R-M342

• R-M420

• R-M479

• R-U106

Projects
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Y-DNA R-M207 Subclades
• R-L21

• R-L295

• R-M124

• R-M167

• R-M17

• R-M173

• R-M207

• R-M342

• R-M420

• R-M479

• R-U106