User:Red Phoenician/sandbox

=Sandbox= The Lebanese Labbadeh goes back to Phoenician times. Statuettes assumed to be votive offerings have been found scattered across the Levant with the most numerous amount found in ancient Phoenician temples in Byblos where they have since been dubbed the Byblos figurines.

According to the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab "a good number of statuettes, placed in these vases, are depicted in full motion and wearing the lebbadé or conical cap, which is still in use in certain regions of Lebanese high mountain. This headdress was held on the head by a chinstrap. One of the ex-votos included several dozen of these statuettes so similar that one can imagine that they represented a troop that would have offered their sponsors [effigies] to the temple before embarking."

The use of the labbadeh for practical purposes began to decline around the mid-20th century. However, the headdress is experiencing a revival movement notably in the village of Hrajel where a workshop has been opened by local farmer Youssef Akiki with the intent of preserving the tradition and knowledge of the labbadeh.

History
The origin of kibbeh nayyeh goes back to the late 13th-century. In 1283 the Mamluk Sultanate invaded the Maronite region of Jebbet Bsharri (modern day Bsharri and Zgharta districts in North Lebanon) razing many villages and slaughtering or taking captive their inhabitants. When the Mamluks reached the village of Hadath El Jebbeh its inhabitants fled and took refuge in the 'Asi-al-Hadath grotto. The Mamluks then built a watchtower at the entrance of the grotto to monitor the Maronites. As a result of this many Maronites starved to death in the grotto. To avoid revealing their location to the Mamluks the Maronites started to eat raw meat, mixed with bulgur pounded in a stone mortar, in order to survive as cooking the meat would alert the Mamluks from the smoke of the fire. The siege ended after seven years when the Mamluks discovered the canal which fed water to the grotto by making their horses thristy to discover the canal which they subsequently cut off from the grotto. This forced the Maronites to leave the grotto from lack of water which led to the slaughtering of the men with the women being taken into captivity and the village of Hadath El Jebbeh being burnt to the ground. The tradition of kibbeh nayyeh was preserved and passed into present times as a reminder of the oppression and injustice that the Maronites went through.

=Template:Infobox ethnic group=

=Maronite Stats=

Colors
{{Legend|#000000|Lebanon}} {{Legend|#752F64|+ 1,000,000}} {{Legend|#D89AC7|+ 100,000}} {{Legend|#EBCDE3|+ 10,000}} {{Legend|#F2DFED|+ 1,000}}

Top 20
1. Brazil: 5-7 mil 2. Argentina: 750,000-1 mil 3. USA: 71,419-268,649 4. Mexico: 167,190 5. Australia: 161,370 6. Canada: 94,300 7. Syria: 60,000-70,000 (RECHECK) 8. France: 51,520 9. Venezuela: 25,000 10. South Africa: 20,000 11. Cyprus: 13,170 12. Israel/Palestine: 10,504 13. Egypt 6,350 14. Nigeria: 5850 15. Germany: 5,400 16. UK: 5,300 17. Belgium: 3,400 18. Italy: 2,500 19. Sweden: 2,470 20. Switzerland: 2,000 Cont. 21. Jordan: 1000-1500

List

 * Lebanon: 1,611,901 (1)
 * Argentina: 750,000 (1)
 * Brazil: 521,000 (1)
 * USA: 71,419-268,649 (1/3)
 * Mexico: 167,190 (1)
 * Australia 161,370 (1)
 * Canada: 94,300 (1)
 * Africa 74,900 (1)
 * Ghana: 32,120 (2)
 * Nigeria: 5850 (2)
 * Côte d’Ivoire: 3000 (2)
 * Senegal: 1500-2000 (2)
 * Burkina Faso: 800 (2)
 * Liberia: 450 (2)
 * Togo: 350 (2)
 * Syria: 54,600 (1)
 * France 51,520 (1)
 * Venezuela: 25,000 (5)
 * Cyprus: 13,170 (1)
 * Israel/Palestine 10,504 (1)
 * Egypt 6,350 (1)
 * Germany: 5,400 (5)
 * UK: 5,300 (5)
 * Belgium: 3,400 (5)
 * Italy: 2,500 (5)
 * Sweden: 2,470 (5)
 * Switzerland: 2,000 (5)
 * Jordan 1000-1500 (1)
 * Netherlands: 700 (5)
 * Spain: 700 (5)
 * Portugal: 200 (5)
 * Austria: 100 (5)
 * Luxembourg: 100 (5)
 * Norway: 100 (5)
 * New Zealand: 96 (4)
 * Finland: 30 (5)

Refs

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=Religion in Lebanon=

=Flag=
 * Cedar_flag.svg|Maronite flag||Maronites||Asia, West||Indo-European, Romance, Venetian||18th Century; 1918;||The first recorded use of the Lion of St. Mark on a red field by the Venetians dates back to the late thirteenth century, with Genoese archivist Jacopo da Varazze having made reference to the Lion of St. Mark as the official symbol for Venice.

=Projects=

Abraham River

https://www.the961.com/historical-phoenicians/ https://archive.org/details/presocraticphilo033229mbp/page/75/mode/1up

Battle of Halidzor

Dow v. United States https://cite.case.law/f/226/145/ https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914a246add7b04934695ba9

https://www.olol.org.au/saints/149-saint-chayna-september-15

=Pages=

User:Red Phoenician/Isaac of El-Qalali

User:Red Phoenician/templates

User:Red Phoenician/Lebanese States

User:Red Phoenician/Maronite diaspora

User:Red Phoenician/Double Qaimaqamate

User:Red_Phoenician/Mount Lebanon (1918-1920)

User:Red_Phoenician/Tur_Lebnon

User:Red Phoenician/Mnesarchus of Tyre

Beth Maroun/Maroon

Young Phoenicians

Phoenician architecture

Cataphronius of Byblos

the Church of the Resurrection Beirut

K
According to local tradition the name originates in honor of the Mardaite Prince Kisra (كسرى), who won decisive battles against the Umayyad Caliphate invasion of Mount Lebanon in the late 7th century.

Shukri El Khoury

Prince Ibrahim

Damian of Tyre

Maymun the Mardaite

Nakbat Kisrwan

=District names=
 * Akkar:
 * Baalbek: The etymology of Baalbek has been debated indecisively[18] since the 18th century.[10] Cook took it to mean "Baʿal (Lord) of the Beka"[17] and Donne as "City of the Sun".[27] Lendering asserts that it is probably a contraction of Baʿal Nebeq ("Lord of the Source" of the Litani River).[12]
 * Hermel:
 * Beirut: The Arabic name derives from Phoenician bēʾrūt (𐤁𐤀‏𐤓𐤕‎ bʾrt). This was a modification of the Canaanite and Phoenician word bīʾrōt later bēʾrūt, meaning "wells", in reference to the site's accessible water table.[10][11]
 * Rashaya:
 * Western Beqqa:
 * Zahle: The name Zahlé is a Syriac[6]word that refers to "moving places". The occasional landslides that take place on deforested hills around the town are probably at the origin of the name.
 * Byblos: The name seems to derive from gb (𐤂𐤁, "well") and ʾl (𐤀𐤋, "god"), the latter a word that could variously refer to any of the Canaanite gods or to their leader in particular. The name thus seems to have meant the "Well of the God" or "Source of the God".

Its present Arabic name Jubayl (جبيل) or J(e)beil is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the triliteral root gbl or jbl, meaning "mountain".
 * Keserwan: Kisrawan al-hariga (Outer Kisrawan), between Nahr al-Kalb and Nahr Beirut. Ibn al-Qila’i states that the district, originally, was called simply al-Hariga, and that it was later renamed Kisrawan in honour of Kisra, its chieftain.
 * Aley:
 * Baabda:
 * Chouf:
 * Metn:
 * Bint Jbeil:
 * Hasbaya:
 * Marjeyoun:
 * Nabatieh:
 * Batroun: The name Batroun (Arabic: al-Batroun) is related to the Greek Botrys (also spelled Bothrys), which was later Latinized to Botrus. Historians believe that the Greek name of the town originates from the Phoenician word, bater, which means to cut and it refers to the maritime wall that the Phoenicians built in the sea to protect them from tidal waves.[1]
 * Bsharri: The name Bsharri (بشرّي), Beth Shareer, can be found in the Aramaic language. Bsharri means House of Truth in Aramaic.
 * Koura:
 * Miniyeh–Danniyeh:
 * Tripoli: Tripoli had a number of different names as far back as the Phoenician age. In the Amarna letters the name "Derbly", possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus, was mentioned, and in other places "Ahlia" or "Wahlia" are mentioned (14th century BCE).[3] In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (888–859 BCE), it is called Mahallata or Mahlata, Mayza, and Kayza.[4]

Under the Phoenicians, the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli.[5] When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Τρίπολις (Tripolis), meaning "three cities," influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly.[6]
 * Zgharta:
 * Sidon: The Phoenician name Ṣīdūn (𐤑𐤃𐤍, ṣdn) probably meant "fishery" or "fishing town".[6] It is mentioned in Papyrus Anastasi I as Djedouna.[2][3][4][5]
 * Jezzine:
 * Tyre:

=Emirs of Mount Lebanon= Ma'nid Emirs:
 * Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544)
 * Qurqumaz I (1544–1585)
 * Fakhr al-Din II (1591-1635)
 * Mulhim Ma'n (1636–1658)
 * Qurqumaz II (1658–1662)
 * Ahmad Ma'n (1667–1697)

Shihabi Emirs:
 * Bashir I Shihab (1697–1705)
 * Haydar Shihab (1705–1732)
 * Mulhim Shihab (1732–1754)
 * Ahmad and Mansur Shihab (1754–1763)
 * Qasim Shihab (1760)
 * Mansur Shihab (1754–1770), second reign without Ahmad
 * Yusuf Shihab (1770–1788), (1778–1789)
 * Husayn and Sa'ad ad-Din Shihab (1778)
 * Bashir Shihab II (1789–1840)
 * Bashir Shihab III (1840-1842)

emir list
=Seat of the Patriarchate=
 * Antioch c.37/44-684
 * Smar Jbeil 685-685
 * Kfarhay 685-???
 * Yanouh 750-1277
 * Antioch 938-938
 * Mayfouq 1276-???
 * Lehfed
 * Habeel
 * Kfifan
 * al-Kafr
 * Hardeen
 * Qannoubine 1440-1823
 * Dimane 1823-1830
 * Bkerké 1830-present

=Matins=

Maronite Rite
=Restoration=

Name
The Maronite Church (الكنيسة المارونية) is officially known as the Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church (Ecclesia Syrorum Maronitarum; ; الكنيسة الأنطاكية السريانية المارونية).

During the start of the patriarchs' period, the persecution of Christians and Arabization of the region, including the destruction of the Monastery of Saint Maron, led the majority of the Maronites to move to the barren mountains of Lebanon, especially the northern territory. They established a closed, rural, hierarchical society; reestablished communication with the Papacy during the Crusades; maintained Syriac language up to the 18th century, but eventually and shifted to Lebanese Arabic as their native language. They issued many liturgical reforms, most notably during Qannoubin's council of 1580, and the Lebanese council of 1736 – which seems in many parts to be a Latinization- gained protection from the Monarchy of France for the church and its community. They organized the monastery in 1696. They played an influential role in Lebanon's political scene especially after 1770, when the Chehab dynasty joined the Maronite Church. That choice was an essential element of the creation of Greater Lebanon in 1920, seen widely by scholars as fulfillment of the Maronites' desire. However, due to mass emigration and eventually the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the Maronite role in the Second Lebanese Republic declined.

Through him, later Maronites claimed full apostolic succession through the Patriarchal See of Antioch. While this installation of a patriarch was seen as a usurpation by the Orthodox hierarchy, John received the approval of Pope Sergius I, and became the first Maronite Patriarch of the oldest see in Christianity.

The Maronites struggled to retain their autonomy against both imperial power and Arab incursions on the part of the Damascus Caliphate.

The Maronites experienced an improvement in their relationship with the Byzantine Empire. Emperor Constantine IV (reigned 668–685) provided direct ecclesiastical, political and military support to the Maronites. The new alliance coordinated devastating raids on Muslim forces, providing a welcome relief to besieged Christians throughout the Middle East.

During this period the region was dominated by the Abbasids, who persecuted the Maronites. Around AD 1017, a new Muslim sect, the Druze, emerged. At that time the Maronites, as dhimmis, were required to wear black robes and black turbans and they were forbidden to ride horses.

In 1610, the Maronite monks of the Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya imported one of the first printing presses in the Arabic-speaking world; however, that press printed in the Syriac language, not Arabic. The monasteries of Lebanon later became key players in the Arabic Renaissance of the late 19th century as a result of developing Arabic, as well as Syriac, printable script.

Bachir Chehab II was the first and last Maronite ruler of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon. A convert from Sunni Islam, his rivalry with the Druze leader Bashir Jumblatt caused tension between the two communities. In the 1822 war between Damascus and Acre, they backed opposite sides.

In the spring of 1860, war broke out between the Druze population and the Maronite Christians. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence and it spread into neighboring Syria, with the massacre of many Christians. In Damascus, the Emir Abd-el-Kadr protected the Christians there against the Muslim rioters.

French emperor Napoleon III felt obliged to intervene on behalf of the Christians, despite London's opposition, which feared it would lead to a wider French presence in the Middle East. After arduous negotiations to obtain the approval of the British government, Napoleon III sent a French contingent of seven thousand men for a period of six months. The troops arrived in Beirut in August 1860 and took positions in the mountains between the Christian and Muslim communities. He then organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace.

Education was declared a major task. Through the joint efforts of the Church and French Jesuits, literacy became widespread.

The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant since March 2011 is Bechara Boutros Rahi. When a new Patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastical recognition by the Pope, thus maintaining communion with the Holy See. As an Eastern Catholic Patriarch, the Patriarch is usually created a Cardinal by the Pope in the rank of a Cardinal Bishop; he does however not receive a suburbicarian see (required to become Dean), even ranks below those six, but is known by the title of the patriarchate of his sui iuris Church.

Despite the many archiepiscopates, none is a Metropolitan abstraction made of the Patriarch of Antioch, who has a single Suffragan (Jebbeh–Sarba–Jounieh) and hence an ecclesiastical province. In Latin America, two Maronite eparchies are suffragans of Latin metropolitans.

famous for its preservation attempts of the Aramaic language and Aramean ethnic identity.

The two eparchies in the United States have issued their own "Maronite Census," designed to estimate the population of Maronites in the United States. Many have been assimilated into Western Catholicism absent Maronite parishes or priests. The "Maronite Census" was designed to locate these Maronites.

The history of the Lebanese community in South Africa dates to the late 19th century, when the first immigrants arrived in Johannesburg, the biggest city in the Transvaal, having come from Sebhel, Mesyara, Becharre, Hadath El Jebbeh, Maghdouché and other places. It is recorded that in 1896, the first Maronite and Lebanese immigrants arrived in Durban, Cape Town, and Mozambique, and congregated around their local Catholic churches.

=Citation tester= The Maronites (الموارنة; ) are an ethnoreligious Christian group    native to the Levant region of the Middle East, whose members adhere to the Syriac Maronite Church.



Test

=Complete projects= User:Red Phoenician/Maronite flag

=Notes=

=References=