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Algeria has one of the lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Africa. In 2022, the United Nations estimated that there were 28, 000 adults and children living with the disease in the country, accounting for 0.1% of the total population. While the overall prevalence is low, the number of new infections continues to rise. This rise has been attributed to numerous factors, including a lack of knowledge about transmission among Algerian citizens, alongside greater public awareness about the disease.

Prevalence
HIV/AIDS was first identified in Setif in 1986; around 500 Algerians have died of AIDS-related complications since the epidemic started.

During the early years of the pandemic, national understanding of the disease was reported as being low, with the local conservative culture making discussion of sexual topics a taboo, resulting in HIV/AIDS not being publicly or oftentimes privately discussed.

The World Health Organisation has highlighted sex workers, drug users, and men who have sex with men as being the key populations among whom the epidemic is concentrated.

The number of women infected with HIV/AIDS has sharply increased, with the ratio of men to women with the disease going from 5:1 at the beginning of the epidemic to 1:1 in 2004. This has been attributed to a higher prevalence of Algerian men having extra-marital sex, contracting the disease and then infecting their wives.

Subtype B is the most dominant form of HIV in northern Algeria, accounting for 56% of infections. There is a higher diversity of strains in southern Algeria, which has been attributed to its proximity to sub-Saharan countries where HIV/AIDS is more prevalent.

National response
The Algerian government's response to HIV/AIDS has been praised by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAID), who described the country as a "pioneer in the region" for its prioritisation of cross-sectoral action, community involvement, and innovative policies, which it said had led to a sustained low-level epidemic. Since 1998, free antiviral therapy has been offered to patients. Universal health care is enshrined in the constitution of Algeria.

On 1 December 2003, then-President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika made a speech commemorating World AIDS Day, marking the first time he had extensively discussed HIV/AIDS. He stressed the importance of breaking the cultural taboo around discussing the disease, in addition to raising public awareness about HIV/AIDS, its transmission, symptoms, testing, and treatment; addressing women's social vulnerability to contacting the disease; the importance of maintaining confidentiality within the health service; and addressing the disease in a culturally appropriate way.

In 2012, Algeria partnered with UNAIDS to build the first HIV/AIDS research centre in North Africa and the Middle East in Tamanrasset, close to the country's borders with several countries and on a popular route for migrants. As of 2016, all health centres in Algeria have HIV/AIDS testing facilities, with the Algiers Centre of Excellence for Research on Health and HIV/AIDS serving as a regional hub for research, training, and medicine production pertaining to HIV/AIDS.

In 2016, the Algiers Declaration was signed, vowing to eradicate HIV/AIDS in North Africa and the Middle East by promoting increased testing and treatment, particularly among drug users, sex workers, and men who have sex with men.

The role of non-governmental organisations such as Solidarité AIDS and El-Hayat have been attributed to Algeria's successful response to the epidemic. This has included completing outreach work with vulnerable groups, such as offering condoms and testing to sex workers.

Difficulties in treatment
While the overall prevalence of HIV/AIDS is low in Algeria, public understanding of the disease and how it is transmitted has been described as "mediocre" among the population, particularly among young people. While it is taught as part of secondary education, access to HIV/AIDS services like testing, treatment and advice is only available to people under 18 with parental consent. The stigmatisation of people with HIV/AIDS has led to some parents not consenting, as well as to adults with the disease declining testing or antiretroviral drugs.