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Waste can take any form that is either solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health. It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials.

A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.

Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield a recovered energy source that can be an alternative to fossil fuels.

Compared to the process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes prevent the release of harmful product residues that contain some alkali metals, sulphur, and chlorine. Pyrolysis results in smaller contaminant gas emissions which makes for smaller clean-up methods that would reduce cost. Some concerns to point out is that pyrolysis yields gasses which impact the environment such as HCl and SO2.

Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge is the resulting product of waste water treatment processes. Due to rapid urbanization, there has been an increase in municipal waste water that results 0.1–30.8 kg of sewage per population equivalent per year (kg/p.e/year). Common disposal practices of sewage sludge are incineration, composting, and landfill.