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1917
The Journal of Ophthalmology (med book series)

title={The Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology and Laryngology}, author={}, number={v. 23}, url={https://books.google.com/books?id=EOEBAAAAYAAJ}, year={1917}

685 Dr Thomas L Shearer From time to time cases of accidents arising from golf ball explosions have been described in the medical press In the British Medical Journal volume I 1915 Elliott and Inman have a most interesting article upon this subject in which they say that injuries to the eye from contact with the contents of the socalled 685 686

called water core golf balls are becoming so frequent as to constitute a serious menace Casey Wood in the Journal of the American Medical Association volume VI calls attention to the manner in which these accidents occur The cores of golf balls are surrounded by machine wound india rubber ribbons and are thereby subjected to great pressure It follows that when they burst or are cut into any fluid they contain is expelled sometimes with explosive force to a considerable distance The contents of the water core balls seem to vary considerably The liquid first used appeared to be water but this was discontinued in favor of heavier fluids An analysis made for Lowell showed a ball's contents to consist of barium sulphate a soap and a free alkali Crigler's examination revealed a similar paste with 2.4 per cent of sodium hydroxide Suker and Carroll Annals of Ophthalmology Vol XXIII found dilute sulphuric acid rather remarkable when one considers the destructive action of such an acid upon rubber Wilder's analysis revealed a paste of chloride of zinc and soap another report affirms the contents of the core to have been a mixture of chloride of lime and soap and yet another discovered a solution of chloride of zinc as the filling of the core In the Lancet June 18 1914 the patient reported by Dr Jessop stripped a golf ball known as the zone zodiac nearly to the core and then cut into it when it burst so violently as to shoot its contents on to the ceiling of a living room ten feet high the fluid core consisted of a semi fluid mass of soft soap or potash soap which was very strongly alkaline and was contained in a small rubber sac tied around with string After having read these reports most of which occurred between the year 1914 and the present I deemed it best to communicate with some prominent manufacturer of golf balls and ask him to frankly give me the information required So the AG Spaulding & Brothers Company of Massachusetts most promptly and with clearness sent me a letter from which these facts are obtained We have heard of injuries or burning from the forceful ejection of the liquid cored golf balls into the eyes and mouth of a child Some of these liquid cores which we have examined comprise a rubber bag filled with a heavy liquid lead acetate Dealers have offered us and submitted samples of heavy lead solutions which prove to be lead acetate no doubt under the impression that we use this The adoption of soft or 686

687 and mobility Exhaustive experiments and the experience of the winning professionals who use golf balls of this construction almost without exception demonstrate that nothing is gained in the use of liquid cores in place of these However in order to meet the demands of a certain part of the trade we as a concession manufacture a ball featured with a bag core This consists of the usual rubber bag but instead of the heavy lead acetate solution we use the most inert mixture that will serve and this consists of castor oil and zinc oxide From a study of these various reports it is evident that the tendency has been to fill the fluid core balls with a strong alkaline solution and not an acid one for obvious chemical reasons Further the accidents which resulted in injuries were from unwinding the outer covering of the ball and then either cutting or biting into the central bag probably already decayed by the action of the enclosed caustic mixture I do not know of any case of a ball exploding on the course during play and with the modern high class ball such as made by the Spaulding firm such accidents should disappear from our clinical reports However there is always a certain class of manufacturers in every form of industry who are tempted to produce a cheaper article and lest any child be thoughtlessly inclined to unwind a ball physicians should warn the parents of the danger in the event of the ball containing caustic or acid mixtures Dr Rowland should receive

1966
January 1966

The Liquid Center Golf BallA Potential Ocular Hazard

ROBERT PENNER, MC

Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;75(1):68-71. doi:10.1001/archopht.1966.00970050070013.

Golf ball injury to the eye and orbit is not limited to those who play golf. Previously reported ocular injuries secondary to explosive eruption of liquid center golf balls have demonstrated this. Duke-Elder suggested that utilization of less caustic materials in the manufacturing processes had removed this hazard. However, the two following cases demonstrate that penetration into the core of some golf balls remains inherently dangerous, and that the ocular hazards of youth still include the dissection of liquid center golf balls.

Case Reports

Case 1 (No. 6791035). —An 11-year-old white boy was cutting into a discarded golf ball when the contents of its center exploded into his face. The residual golf ball was discarded by the parent and not available for chemical analysis.Initial medical treatment was begun at US Army Tripler General Hospital within an hour of the accident. The skin of the right lower lid was thickened

1967
Slusher, M. Madison, Kenneth R. Jaegers, and William H. Annesley. "Liquid-center golf balls and ocular injury." American journal of ophthalmology 64.4 (1967): 736-740.

http://www.ajo.com/article/0002-9394(67)92858-9/abstract

http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/6061530/Liquid_center_golf_balls_and_ocular_injury_

four case studies. case 1

"An 11-year-old boy was watching his brother cutting into a golf ball with a pocket knife when the liquid contents exploded in his face. "

1976
Cutting up golf balls, usually by children, has long been recognized as an ocular hazard as many golf balls contain fluid under high pressure which is liable to strike the eye (Duke-Elder, 1954). In some of the early cases, serious loss of vision resulted (Crigler, 19I3; Lowell, 1913; Thomason, Address for reprints: D. R. Lucas, Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester Ms3 9WH, or A. C. Dunham, Department of Geology, Williamson Building, The University, Manchester MI3 9PL, or W. R. Lee, Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow GII 6NT 1913). The early golf balls contained barium sulphate, soap, and free alkali (Crigler, 1913). The alkali was presumably responsible for the serious ocular injuries and, after 1914, it was no longer used in the manufacture of golf balls in the United States of America. Barium sulphate is still, however, a major constituent of recently manufactured golf balls, at least in the UK. Twelve cases of injury to the eyelid, conjunctiva, and orbit resulting from disrupted golf balls have been reported during the last io years (Table I).

The deposits of crystalline material and other foreign matter were present in large pools in the substantia propria of the conjunctiva, in the dermis, and in the orbicularis muscle. These pools contained some necrotic debris and red cells and were surrounded by a thin rim of polymorphs and lymphocytes. Many of these cells showed nuclear pyknosis and numerous free nuclear fragments were also present (Fig. I). In one (Case 3) birefringent material was observed in macrophages. The Prussian blue reaction demonstrated some ironcontaining crystalline material in the debris.

The foreign material consisted principally of clear or pale-staining birefringent crystals varying considerably in size in different specimens (Figs i-4b). In addition, semi-opaque brownish-black particles varying in size and shape were present. The amount of this material differed greatly in different specimens. Some contained hardly any, while in Case 8 the amount was sufficient to account for the almost black appearance of the deposits. The birefringent crystals were fre

Eight out of the nine slurries from the centre of the balls were white, while the ninth was black. Microscopical examination of the dried slurries showed the presence of large amounts of barytes, with shapes and sizes very similar to those found *Miller index in the granulomata. The dark hexagonal grains were also present in small quantities. The darkcoloured slurry differed only in having a darkcoloured fluid medium.

Most golf balls manufactured in this country still contain a liquid centre under high pressure. The particulate material in the liquid is capable of penetrating both conjunctiva and skin if the rubber casing of the liquid centre is perforated by the unwary. The mineral assemblage found in this material and in the tissue sections from those injured (barytes, muscovite, galena, pyrite, and iron oxide) is typical of natural barytes deposits. The barytes was in the form of crushed crystals. In the American cases, the crystalline material was apparently barium sulphate and zinc sulphide (Johnson and Zimmerman, I965; O'Grady and Shoch, I973) and the birefringent crystals were white in unstained sections, and the lesions did not appear to be pigmented grossly. The material was thought to have been derived from lithopone, which is a mixture composed of 70 per cent BaSO4 and 30 per cent ZnS, but Johnson and Zimmerman (I965) failed to identify zinc by x-ray microanalysis.

They attributed the failure of matrix effect in the sample to the large mass absorption coefficient of Ba. However, in experiments with a mixture of 30 per cent ZnS and 70 per cent BaSO4 (Dunham and Wilkinson, unpublished) in which an x-ray diffractometer rather than a powder camera was used, it was found that, of the four principal x-ray peaks shown by ZnS, three were coincident or very close to the BaSO4 peaks, but the fourth was quite distinct. The matrix effect did not mask the ZnS. Sections from Johnson and Zimmerman's material were subjected to electron probe x-ray microanalysis and zinc was detected in addition to barium and sulphur (Johnson and Zimmerman, I 965). Doubt thus remains as to the exact identity of the crystalline material in the American cases, although the major ingredient was, as in our cases, BaSO4. The brown or black particles in our cases were separate mineral particles which electron probe analysis showed to be of the mica group. Zinc was present only in trace quantities.

Tissue removed from nine new cases from i8 hours to 20 weeks after injury by a golf ball contained crystalline and other foreign material to which there was a mild inflammatory reaction followed by macrophagic activity and fibrosis. Optical and electron probe analysis showed that the crystalline material was crushed barytes containing small quantities of muscovite as is typical in natural deposits. The centres of several golf balls were shown to contain essentially identical material. By contrast with previous reports, no zinc sulphide was found. The form and frequent location of the deposits in the conjunctiva as compared with cornea and eyelid is related to the structure of these tissues.

References CRIGLER, L. W. (1913) J. Amer. med. Ass., 6o, 1297 DEER, W. A., HOWIE, R. A., and ZUSSMAN, J. (i966) 'An Introduction to Rock-Forming Minerals', p. 23. Longmans Green, London DUKE-ELDER, S. (I954) 'Text-Book of Ophthalmology', vol. VI, p. 6582. Kimpton, London JOHNSON, F. B., and ZIMMERMAN, L. E. (I965) Amer. J. clin. Path., 44, 533 LOWELL, H. (1913) J. Amer. med. Ass., 6i, 2303 NELSON, C. (1970) Brit. J. Ophthal., 54, 670 O'GRADY, R., and SHOCH, D. (1973) Amer. Y. Ophthal., 76, I48 PENNER, R. (I966) Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.), 75, 68 SLUSHER, M. M., JAEGERS, K. R., and ANNESLEY, W. H. (I967) Amer Y. Ophthal., 64, 736 TAYLOR, J. N., and GREER, C. H. (I969) Med. Y. Aust., I, 632 THOMASON, H. E. (1913) Y. Amer. med. Ass., 6i, 965

1985
J Am Optom Assoc. 1985 Apr;56(4):310-4.

Ocular trauma resulting from the explosive rupture of a liquid center golf ball.

Farley KG.

Abstract

The likelihood of a patient seeking consultation with an ocular injury due to puncturing and subsequent explosive rupture of a golf ball seems remote. This very set of circumstances occurred at our V.A. Medical Center Optometry clinic. Golf ball manufacturers receive inquiries each year concerning the makeup of these liquid centers. Lack of current available information from ophthalmic journals or poison control centers prompted an inquiry into the exact nature of these golf balls. Further concern was for the measured alkalinity and extreme pressure exhibited by the liquid center golf ball brought in by the patient just after injury occurred. A case report is presented. Retrospective evaluation of previous literature is reviewed as well as information from golf ball manufacturers.

1997
Golf-related ocular injuries.

Pollack, John S. MD; Mieler, William F. MD; Mittra, Robert A. MD

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology:June 1997Retina and Vitreous Disorders volume 8 issue 3

Golf-related ocular injuries have been reported since the early 1900s. Although this type of ocular injury is fortunately a relatively rare occurrence, the effects are usually devastating. The purpose of this article is to review the mechanism of golf injuries, the prognosis for different types of golf-related injuries, and how such injuries might be prevented.

2003
How it Works: Science and Technology, Volume 16

Marshall Cavendish CorporationMarshall Cavendish, 2003 - Juvenile Nonfiction - 2879 pages https://books.google.com/books?id=TyMEEI6-LH4C&lpg=PA2220&ots=Y-0cuB-95C&dq=liquid%20inside%20golf%20ball&pg=PA2220#v=onepage&q=liquid%20inside%20golf%20ball&f=false p 2220 golf balls thixotropic mixture of fine clay, water and glycerine the paste is placed in a spherical mold and then frozen paste removed and coated with rubber and then vulcanized

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