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Article on torture: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/strategic-costs-torture

In September 2016, Alberto Mora, who served as General Counsel of the Department of the Navy from 2001 to 2006, wrote that his team's research on the torture policy's broader implications revealed that "it greatly damaged national security. It incited extremism in the Middle East, hindered cooperation with U.S. allies, exposed American officials to legal repercussions, undermined U.S. diplomacy, and offered a convenient justification for other governments to commit human rights abuses."

Today, 40 men remain in the prison, and almost three-quarters of them have never been criminally charged. They're known as "forever prisoners" and are being detained indefinitely.

However, Islamophobia, or the fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general, still rose. Numerous incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the attacks.

Bolding

The targets of the campaign are primarily extremist groups located throughout the Muslim world, with the most prominent groups being Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, the Taliban, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and the various franchise groups of the former two organizations.

In 2011, the program was suspended by DHS on efficiency grounds, stating that all NSEERS information was now collected from other sources. It completely glossed over the program's civil liberties costs and did not communicate with those harmed by the program, according to the ACLU. It was finally officially terminated in 2016 by the Obama administration in order to make it more difficult for president-elect Donald Trump to achieve his goal of introducing a Muslim registry.

By May 2002, there were 488 complaints of employment discrimination reported to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 301 of those were complaints from people fired from their jobs. Similarly, by June 2002, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) had investigated 111 September 11th related complaints from airline passengers purporting that their religious or ethnic appearance caused them to be singled out at security screenings. DOT investigated an additional 31 complaints from people who alleged they were completely blocked from boarding airplanes on the same grounds.

A poll of Arab-Americans, conducted in May 2002, found that that 20 percent had personally experienced discrimination since September 11. A July 2002 poll of Muslim Americans found that 48 percent believed their lives had changed for the worse since September 11, and 57 percent had experienced an act of bias or discrimination.

Interfaith Efforts
Curiosity about Islam increased after the attacks. As a result, many mosques and Islamic centers began holding open houses and participating in outreach efforts to educate non-Muslims about the faith. In the first 10 years after the attacks, interfaith community service increased from 8 to 20 percent. and the percentage of US congregations involved in interfaith worship doubled from 7 to 14 percent.

War on Terror Article

According to the Costs of War Project at Brown University's Watson Institute, the War on Terror will have cost $8 trillion for operations between 2001 and 2022 plus $2.2 trillion in future costs of veterans' care over the next 30 years.

Professor Khaled Beydoun of the University of Arkansas-Fayetteville School of Law states that the War on Terror exports Islamophobia to other countries, which utilize it to persecute and punish their own Muslim populations. Two countries he mentions that facilitate structural Islamophobia as a result of the War on Terror are India and China.