User:RexxS/Equivalent narcotic depth

In technical diving, the equivalent narcotic depth (END) is a way of expressing the narcotic effect of specific breathing gas mixtures, for example heliox and trimix. The idea is, for a given mix and depth, to calculate the depth which would give the same narcotic effect when breathing air.

The equivalent narcotic depth of a breathing gas mix at a particular depth is calculated by finding the depth of a dive when breathing air that would have the same total partial pressure of nitrogen and oxygen as the breathing gas in question. For example, a trimix containing 20% oxygen, 40% helium, 40% nitrogen (trimix 20/40) being used at 60 m has an END of 32 m.

Calculations in metres
The equivalent air depth can be calculated for depths in metres as follows:


 * END = (Depth + 10) &times; (1 &minus; Fraction of helium) &minus; 10

Working the earlier example, for a gas mix containing 40% helium being used at 60 metres, the END is:


 * END = (60 + 10) &times; (1 &minus; 0.4) &minus; 10


 * END = 70 &times; 0.6 &minus; 10


 * END = 42 &minus; 10


 * END = 32 metres

So at 60 metres on this mix, the diver would feel the same narcotic effect as a dive on air to 32 metres.

Calculations in feet
The equivalent air depth can be calculated for depths in feet as follows:


 * END = (Depth + 33) &times; (1 &minus; Fraction of helium) &minus; 33

Working the earlier example, for a gas mix containing 40% helium being used at 200 feet, the END is:


 * END = (200 + 33) &times; (1 &minus; 0.4) &minus; 33


 * END = 233 &times; 0.6 &minus; 33


 * END = 140 &minus; 33


 * END = 107 feet

So at 200 feet on this mix, the diver would feel the same narcotic effect as a dive on air to 107 feet.

Oxygen Narcosis
Since there is evidence that oxygen plays a part in the narcotic effects of a gas mixture, the NOAA diving manual recommends treating oxygen and nitrogen as equally narcotic. This is now preferred to the previous method of considering only nitrogen as narcotic, since it is more conservative. In this analysis, it is assumed that the narcotic potentials of nitrogen and oxygen are similar. Although oxygen has greater lipid solubility than nitrogen and therefore should be more narcotic (Meyer-Overton correlation), it is likely that some of the oxygen is metabolised, thus reducing its effect to a level similar to that of nitrogen.