User:Rgalinat/sandbox

The article I chose to review was on Sex Differences in Psychology The article defines what sex differences mean when it comes to the study of psychology, however there isn't too much percentages or numbers that reflect the factors that come into play when distinguishing between differences. The article first summarizes the differences as mental functions and behaviors that are influenced by biological, developmental, and cultural factors and can be observed through mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, etc.

When it comes to evaluating the content, there are plenty of sections that need to be updated and thoroughly elaborated. For example, there is a section that is titled, "possible causes" as to what might affect sex differences in psychology. The writer jumps into genetics and brain structure and function; I would recommend renaming the section as, "How Biopsychology could effect sex difference" instead. When it comes to evaluating the tone, the page seems to be straight-forward and defines all terms, but the viewpoints could do some improvement. It would be interesting to see articles that exemplify sex differences in today's culture and how might it be different from past studies from 2014. I evaluated the sources and most links and resources work, my only suggestion is to refer to those resources specifically and look into doing in-text citations (especially in the first half of the page).

It was mentioned in the talk page that people focussed more on modifying external links, updating information with more recent data, and diving into theories that might be applied to sexual differences in psychology (for example, someone included explanation for the sexual strategies theory). Also in the talk page, some users mentioned that the rating could do some improvement in terms of ranking.

Wikipedia Topic Selection Round 1
The first article I chose to work on and evaluate was on Tu Youyou. Tu Youyou is a Chinese woman and pharmaceutical Chemist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her successful discovery in the anti-malarial drug “artemisinim .” is also Her article does not have much information on her early research career or education, only showing about two sentences for the section. The article is rated C-class. I would probably include a section for “other news” to include any influences in her life that motivated her to pursue her science career and mention any obstacles she might have faced. I would also include more photos of Tu Youyou; the only photo shown is her portrait but no photo of her in her field of work or receiving her Nobel Prize award.

The next article I chose to evaluate and plan to edit is on the medical technology Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) which is used in dipstick or cassette format and provide results in 20 minutes. This type of medical technology is used in the “malaria-endemic world” and can detect two types of malaria antigens. Unfortunately, there is only a few sentences to this article and only one reference; the article lacks references and and lacks information on how the RDT is utilized and how it is put in effect when scientists like Tu Youyou (Nobel Prize winner and discoverer of anti-malarial drug) are expanding their research for curing malaria and other infectious diseases.

Dyann Wirth is the second person I chose to evaluate. She is a white woman; her article has a very broad statement about her career and there is no information mentioning her education or process of how she became one of the world’s leading malariologists and an immunologist. There are only three references and one external link, so I plan on expanding the information on this article and finding more reliable references to include. This article also lacks a photo of Dyann Wirth, so I would include recent photos of her, her work, and the school that she teaches at (Harvard T.H. Chan School ). The current rating for her Wikipedia article is unrated and the completeness score is a 2.75.

TU YOUYOU EDIT in progress

Tu Youyou (Chinese: 屠呦呦; pinyin: Tú Yōuyōu; born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and educator. She discovered artemisinin (also known as qinghaosu) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat malaria, a significant breakthrough in 20th century tropical medicine, saving millions of lives in developing countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America. Prior to receiving the Nobel Prize, Tu Youyou lead the discovery of artemisinin, a type of drug therapy that combats malaria. This discovery essentially saved millions of lives and of those in developing countries.

For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the People's Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize in any category, as well as the first Chinese person to receive the Lasker Award. Tu Youyou was born and educated and carried out research exclusively in China. Tu Youyou's success in the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine not only reflects her recognition in finding cures, but her career also reflects the development of scientific research in China.

Contents

 * 1Early life
 * 2Research career
 * 2.1Schistosomiasis
 * 2.2Malaria
 * 3Later career
 * 4Awards
 * 5See also
 * 6Notes
 * 7References
 * 8Further reading
 * 9External links

Early life
Tu was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, on 30 December 1930.

She attended Xiaoshi Middle School for junior high school and the first year of high school, before transferring to Ningbo Middle School in 1948. A tuberculosis infection interrupted her high-school education, but inspired her to go into medical research. From 1951 to 1955, she attended Peking University Medical School / Beijing Medical College. In 1955, Youyou Tu graduated from Beijing Medical University School of Pharmacy and continued her research on Chinese herbal medicine in the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences .Tu studied at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and graduated in 1955. Later Tu was trained for two and a half years in traditional Chinese medicine.

After graduation, Tu worked at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (now the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences) in Beijing.

Tu and her husband, Li Tingzhao (李廷钊), a metallurgical engineer, live in Beijing. Li Tingzhao was Tu's classmate at Xiaoshi Middle School. Their younger daughter lives in Beijing, whilst their older daughter lives with her husband and daughter in the United States, seen in a few pictures (Tu Youyou's son in law and granddaughter). Tu's maternal grandfather, Yao Yongbai (姚咏白), was the first Director of National Treasury Administration after its reform. Her uncle, Yao Qingsan (姚庆三), was an eminent economist, banker, and the first Keynesian in China.

Research career
Tu carried on her work in the 1960s and 70s during China's Cultural Revolution, when scientists were denigrated as one of the nine black categories in society according to Maoist theory (or possibly that of the Gang of Four).

Schistosomiasis
During her early years, Tu studied Lobelia chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, for curing schistosomiasis, caused by parasitic worms which infect the urinary tract or the intestines, which was widespread in the first half of the 20th century in South China.[citation needed]

Malaria
Further information: Project 523, artemisinin, and dihydroartemisinin

In 1967, during the Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh, the leader of North Vietnam, which was at war against South Vietnam and the United States, asked Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai for help in developing a malaria treatment for his soldiers trooping down the Ho Chi Minh trail, where a majority came down with a form of malaria which is resistant to chloroquine. Because malaria was also a major cause of death in China's southern provinces including Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong, Zhou Enlai convinced Mao Zedong to set up a secret drug discovery project, named Project 523 after its starting date, 23 May 1967.

In early 1969, Tu was appointed head of the Project 523 research group at her institute. Tu was initially sent to Hainan where she studied patients who had been infected with the disease.

Scientists worldwide had screened over 240,000 compounds without success. In 1969, Tu, then 39 years old, had an idea of screening Chinese herbs. She first investigated the Chinese medical classics in history, visiting practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine all over the country on her own. She gathered her findings in a notebook called A Collection of Single Practical Prescriptions for Anti-Malaria. Her notebook summarized 640 prescriptions. By 1971, her team had screened over 2,000 traditional Chinese recipes and made 380 herbal extracts, from some 200 herbs, which were tested on mice.

One compound was effective, sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), which was used for "intermittent fevers," a hallmark of malaria. As Tu also presented at the project seminar, its preparation was described in a 1,600-year-old text, in a recipe titled, "Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One's Sleeve". At first, it was ineffective because they extracted it with traditional boiling water. Tu Youyou discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could be used to isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant; Tu says she was influenced by a traditional Chinese herbal medicine source, The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments, written in 340 by Ge Hong, which states that this herb should be steeped in cold water. This book contained the direction to immerse a handful of qinghao in the equivalent of two litres of water, wring out the juice and drink it all. After rereading the recipe, Tu realised the hot water had already damaged the active ingredient in the plant; therefore she proposed a method using low-temperature ether to extract the effective compound instead. The animal tests showed it was completely effective in mice and monkeys.

In 1972, she and her colleagues obtained the pure substance and named it qinghaosu (青蒿素), or artemisinin as it is commonly called in the West, which has saved millions of lives, especially in the developing world. Tu also studied the chemical structure and pharmacology of artemisinin. Tu's group first determined the chemical structure of artemisinin. In 1973, Tu wanted to confirm the carbonyl group in the artemisinin molecule, therefore she accidentally synthesized dihydroartemisinin.

Furthermore, Tu volunteered to be the first human subject. "As head of this research group, I had the responsibility" she said. It was safe, so she conducted successful clinical trials with human patients. Her work was published anonymously in 1977. In 1981, she presented the findings relating to artemisinin at a meeting with the World Health Organization.

For her work on malaria, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine on 5 October 2015.

Later career
Tu Youyou was promoted to a Researcher (研究员, the highest researcher rank in mainland China equivalent to the academic rank of a full professor) in 1980 shortly after the Chinese economic reform began in 1978. In 2001, she was promoted to Academic Advisor for doctoral candidates. Currently she is the Chief Scientist in the Academy.

As of 2007, her office is in an old apartment building in Dongcheng District, Beijing.

Before 2011, Tu Youyou had been obscure for decades, and is described as "almost completely forgotten by people".

Tu is regarded as the Professor of Three Noes – no postgraduate degree (there was no postgraduate education then in China [There were postgraduate programs in China, when she completed her undergraduate study in 1955. The absence of postgraduate study in China was 1966–1978.]), no study or research experience abroad, and not a member of any Chinese national academies, i.e. Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering. Tu is now regarded as a representative figure of the first generation of Chinese medical workers since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Found a new resource from the BioMedCentral Database that specifically focuses in research in the medical field, unlike the PsycInfo Database.

> "She showed that Artemisia extracts could kill P. berghei, a rodent malaria parasite laboratory model (1971 at the Pharmaceutical Institute of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine)"

(There seems to be a lot of schools listed throughout the article but the order of Tu Youyou's educational career seems to be mixed up. In the career section, I can hopefully clarify the order of her education in chronicle order or her attendance or her medicinal discoveries while attending school whether she was a student or professor there)

>"She isolated the active ingredient, quinhaosu, the most important class of anti-malaria medications."

https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40249-015-0091-8 Here is the link to refer to later in case I need to put Youyou's academic career in chronological order (Her 1971 discovery at a school that hasn't been mentioned on Wiki yet. I still need to find another article or resource that verifies this.)