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Esther Benbassa (born 27 March 1950) is a French-Turkish-Israeli historian and politician. She specializes in the history of Jews and other minorities. Since 2011, Benbassa has served as a French senator, representing Paris from 2017 onwards and Val-de-Marne from 2011 to 2017.

Benbassa is an independent. She was previously a member of Europe Ecology – The Greens, but was expelled from its parliamentary group in September of 2021 following allegations of psychological workplace bullying by her former parliamentary assistants. This prompted her to leave the party altogether shortly after.

Early life and education
Esther Benbassa was born on 27 March 1950 in Istanbul, Turkey. She is the descendant of a family of Jews expelled from Spain in 1492, emigrating to the Ottoman Empire. After attending primary school at the Isik School and the Sainte-Pulcherie lycée in Istanbul, Benbassa and her family emigrated to Israel when she was 15. There, she studied at the French-language Saint-Joseph school in Jaffa and received a baccalauréat from the French embassy.

Benbassa graduated from Tel Aviv University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1972, supporting her education by working in the tourism industry. She moved to France with a scholarship later that year and obtained a master's degree in modern literature from Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis in 1973. In 1974, Benbassa became a French citizen by marriage, making her a triple citizen of France, Israel and Turkey. She received her Certificate of Aptitude for Secondary School Teachers (CAPES) in 1975 and taught in a lycée from 1975 to 1988. This qualification was followed by a diploma in Turkish from the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO) in 1982 and a doctorate in literature and the human and social sciences from Paris 8 in 1987. Benbassa achieved the latter by completing a dissertation titled "Haim Nahum Efendi, Last Great Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1920)" with Louis Bazin as her doctoral adviser. She had previously drafted a dissertation about the Paris Commune.

Benbassa conducted her postdoctoral studies in the department of Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1988 to 1989.

Jewish history research
Benbassa served as director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) from 1989 to 2000, in which year she became the director of studies in religious studies at the Practical School of High Studies (EPHE).

Benbassa studied the relationship between Jews and the State of Israel in her books Imaginary Israel (1998) and Do the Jews have a Future (2001), writing that Israel is the realization of the fundamentally secular project known as Zionism and thus, "forbidding oneself, in the name of an imaginary solidarity, from criticizing the policies of the [Israeli] government is to do a disservice to Israel." She additionally founded the Alberto Beneviste Centre for Sephardi Studies and the Socio-cultural Studies in 2002. Benbassa was also a researcher at the Roland Mousnier Centre, a joint venture of the CNRS, EPHE and Sorbonne University.

Promotion of Islamic-Jewish dialogue
Along with her husband Jean-Christophe Attias, Benbassa is the co-founder of Le Pari(s) du Vivre-Ensemble, an organization opposing discrimination and promoting diversity. She supports Islamic-Jewish dialogue, writing an essay titled "The Republic Facing its Minorities. The Jews Yesterday, the Muslims Today" during widespread political debate surrounding the Law on Religious Symbols in French Public Schools in 2004. Benbassa participated in a conference where she, according to journalist Caroline Fourest, criticized the law by "explaning to the Muslims that had come see Tariq Ramadan next to her that France was treating it as it had treated the Jews in the past." She published a collective work titled Jews and Muslims: A Shared History, A Dialogue to Construct in 2006.

Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting and Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege in January of 2015, Benbassa organized a day of debate on the topic in March of that year. In October, she published a new anthology named Jews and Muslims: Let's Renew Our Links.

Senator of Val-de-Marne and Paris
Benbassa was elected to represent Val-de-Marne in the Senate on 25 September 2011, joining Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV). As a senator, she was the vice-president of the commission on constitutional law, legislation, universal suffrage, regulations and general administration; member of the strategic committee of the Civil Service Agency; vice-president of the Franco-Turkish friendship group; secretary of the Franco-Israeli friendship group; member of the Franco-Palestinian friendship group; member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and member of the jury of the Senate Thesis Prize.

In 2012, Benbassa began to advocate for the right of French expatriates to vote in French elections.

Benbassa was the rapporteur for a bill extending the statute of limitations for discriminatory remarks of a homophobic, sexist or ableist character and thereby align it with laws surrounding racial, ethnic or religious discrimination. The bill was unanimously passed into law by the Senate on 30 January 2013. On 28 March 2013, the Senate also passed a law aiming to end public solicitation of sex workers, which Benbassa had introduced in the autumn of 2012.

At Benbassa's urging, the Senate laws committee created a fact-finding mission on racial, ethnic and religious discrimination in the autumn of 2012. She served alongside Jean-René Lecerf of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) as the mission's co-rapporteur. Their final report, presented in November of 2014, was titled "The Fight Against Discrimination: From Incantation to Action." It included twelve proposals, among them the introduction of a census question on the birth country of one's ancestors and respondents' previous nationalities "in order to obtain measurable findings on the extent of discrimination and its occurrences." Malika Sorel, former member of the High Council for Integration, criticized the proposals as "dangerous" and conducive to the "exacerbation of tensions in our nation."

In October of 2013, in response to the Dibrani case involving the arrest of an illegal immigrant child during a field trip and their immediate deportation, Benbassa commented: "I, who thought France had not forgotten its sombre history, was far from imagining that in 2013, as an official elected by the people, would be the witness to a police roundup. Because yes, it must be made clear that this was a roundup." Benbassa's comments were criticized by philosopher Alain Finkielkraut, who argued that "the constant reference to the Shoah— and I choose my words carefully here—is ignoble." Journalist Benoît Rayski argued that her statement summarized "all the most common talking points of supposedly anti-racist indignation."

In February of 2014, Benbassa was named vice-president of a Senate special committee examining a bill that would empower efforts to end sex work. It was in this position that she repeatedly expressed her opposition to the proposed punishment of the clients of sex workers.

Benbassa authored the first ever French bill for the legalization of cannabis and introduced it in the Senate in January of 2014. The legislation was debated until April of 2015, when it was rejected. In response, Benbassa organized a Senate conference in October of 2016 with the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts's chair of addiction studies, titled "Legalization of Cannabis: Is Europe Condemned to an Impasse?"

Benbassa joined several other senators in introducing a resolution urging other branches of the French government to recognize the State of Palestine, passing in December of 2014. She also drafted a resolution for the protection of environmental migrants, which the Senate passed in October of 2015.

In March of 2016, Benbassa led the laws committee in establishing a fact-finding mission on deradicalization, for which she served as co-rapporteur along with Catherine Troendlé of The Republicans (LR). They then published a report on the topic.

In April of 2016, Benbassa again sparked controversy after writing an editorial in Libération titled "The veil is not more alienating than the miniskirt".

During the 2017 French Senate elections, Benbassa headed the EELV list in Paris and was elected for a second term on 24 September 2017. On 3 October, she joined the Communist, Republican, Citizen and Environmentalist group. Since then, Benbasssa has sat on the constitutional law, legislation, universal suffrage, regulations and general administration committee and has served as the vice-president of the senatorial delegation to Overseas France.

During her second term, Benbassa has spoken on various issues: she joined the yellow vest protesters; advocated for migrants; denounced living conditions in French prisons, particularly for minors; lobbied against gender-based and sexual violence, especially in the political world and planned to introduce legislation on animal welfare.

In November of 2019, Benbassa took part in a protest against Islamophobia organized by several parties and civil society organizations. Controversy arose once more after she published a photograph of herself at the demonstrations accompanied by participants (among them a young girl) wearing a yellow, five-pointed star and a crescent moon of the same colour, all labelled with the English word "Muslim." This provoked a wave of allegations of diminishing the Holocaust's importance by comparing it to Islamophobia, noting the star's resemblance to the yellow badge. The magazine Marianne criticized Benbassa for taking advantage of a child for political purposes, arguing that "in Islamist processions, as in the protest, children are forced into the propaganda of adults and wear slogans that they cannot understand. This is a violation of the charter on the rights of the child." On 18 November, HuffPost published an editorial supporting Benbassa titled "Esther Benbassa Honours the Republic," signed by over 150 political figures including academics, activists and left-wing political officials.

Personal life
Benbassa is married to Jean-Christophe Attias, who serves as the director of studies at the Practical School of High Studies and won the 2015 Goncourt Prize in Biography. Attias is also her occasional co-author.

Benbassa identifies as an atheist.

Personal life
Appéré is married and has 2 children. She lives in Rennes and has previously resided in its Maurepas-Patton neighbourhood.