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. The 'Kantrowitz Limit' has been an essential factor in the design of Hyperloop Alpha. This is based on the fact that gas flow through a orifice or nozzle cannot exceed the speed of sound. Added a bit.

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Hyperloop Technologies announced in February 2015 their plans to develop a Hyperloop project, with the initial focus on the route between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. The initial funding is $8.5 million, and they have a strong board and engineering team.

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Hyperloop Cheetah


Hyperloop Cheetah is a design variation which incorporates solutions for several technical challenges with Musk's original Alpha proposal. Wheels are used for suspension and traction, which have been tested at High speeds, to overcome the shortage of air for the compressor and the air bearing skis in a near-vacuum. The pod has 3 seating modules, 3 seats wide, which roll out through airlock doors at each end. The tube contains steam (water vapour) as it has a 24% higher speed of sound, reducing problems with the Kantrowitz limit, and solving the storage problem for the cooling steam.

The Cheetah design was originally published in January 2014 on the JumpStartFund crowdsource forum, it is now an open source project developed by HyperLoopDesign, with contributions from engineers worldwide.

Hyperloop Technologies
Hyperloop Technologies announced in February 2015 their plan to develop a Hyperloop project between San Francisco and Las Vegas. They have a strong board and engineering team, and starting capital of $8.5 million.

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So the Mach No. at the front of the skis is now 1.14 due to the extra frontal area. But it gets worse at the back of the skis, because all the air directed to the skis has now spilled out into the tube. The Mach number here is 1.36. Behind the air skis, with a reduced frontal area, the Mach no. is 1.24.

These nominal Mach nos. are the first-pass calculations, and they indicate a problem, because in reality they cannot exceed 1. Alpha's air compressor was designed to solve the Kantrowitz 'Limit', but they still have a big problem at the back of the skis.

One solution is to use steam instead of air as the fluid in the tube, which has the great advantage of solving the cooling problem. Steam has a 24% higher speed of sound, and this would solve most of Alpha's Kantrowitz problems. seven

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But a much better solution is to not use the compressor and skis, and use wheels (or Maglev) for suspension and traction. The nominal Mach no. for an Alpha-sized pod, without skis or compressor would be 1.24 in steam. So compression is still required. The most energy-efficient way to compress the air is to use the pod as a large, streamlined piston, which compresses the air ahead of the pod about 30%. The thrust energy to move the pod (piston) is very much less than Alpha which needs a compression ratio of about 30:1

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