User:Richardb43/Parque del Buen Retiro

Location
The main park of Madrid, Spain, the Jardines del Buen Retiro or Parque del Buen Retiro (literally "Gardens" or "Park of the Pleasant Retreat"), or simply El Retiro, the Lungs of Madrid is a large and popular 1.4 km² (350 acres) park at the edge of the city center, very near the Puerta de Alcalá and not far from the Museo del Prado. A magnificent park, filled with beautiful sculpture and monuments, galleries, a peaceful lake and host to a variety of events, it is rightfully one of Madrid's premier attractions. The park is entirely surrounded by the present-day city.

History of Park and Palace
In 1505 at the time of Isabella I the Monasterio de Jerónimos was moved from an unsuitable location elsewhere to the present site of Iglesia de San Jeronimo el Real, in Isabelline Gothic style.

King Philip II (1556-1598) moved the Spanish court to Madrid in 1561. He had a retreat at San Jeronimo outside Madrid. Philip had it enlarged by his architect Juan Bautista de Toledo and avenues of trees were laid out. Here the king could withdraw during Lent, bringing the court with him.

The "Jardines del Buen Retiro" date back to the 1620s, when Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Philip IV’s powerful favourite, gave the king several tracts of land in the vicinity for the Court's recreational use. Olivares determined to build, in a place that the king liked, a royal house which should be superior to those villas that Roman nobles had lately set up on the borders of their own city. Although this second royal residence was to be built in what were then outlying areas of Madrid, it was actually not far from the existing Alcázar or fortress residence, and the location in a cool, wooded area proved to be ideal.

in the 1630', under the supervision of architects Giovanni Battista Crescenzi and Alonso Carbonell several building were erected in great haste, two of which are still standing: the "Casón del Buen Retiro" which served as a ballroom, and the building that today house the Military Museum Museo del Ejército, which includes the grand entrance hall the "Salón de Reinos" (Hall of Kingdoms), its wall decorated with paintings by Velázquez and Zubarán and frescoes by Luca Giordano.

After the Buen Retiro Palace the Duke of Olivares commissioned the park in the 1630s, worked on by Cosme Lotti, landscape architect for the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Water was a distinguishing trait of the garden from the outset: the great pond Estanque del Retiro which served as the setting for mock naval battles and other aquatic displays, the great canal, the narrow channel, the chamfered or bellflower pond, created - along with the chapels - the basic layout of the gardens. Buen Retiro was described as The world art wonder of the time. Probably the last great creation of the Renaissance in Spain. Buen Retiro became the center of Habsburg court life at a time when Spain was the foremost power in the world.

The gardens were neglected after the death of Philip IV in 1665 but have been restored and changed on many occasions, notably after being opened to the public in 1767 and becoming the property of the municipality in 1868. .

Philip V (1700-1746) ordered the creation of a parterre, the only French-style garden in the complex. Charles III (1759-1788) saw to the beautification of its perimeter, replacing the old walls with elegant wrought-iron railings. Juan de Villanueva's Astronomical Observatory was built during the reign of Charles IV (1788-1808).

The Buen Retiro Palace was used until the era of Charles III. Most of the palace was destroyed during the Peninsular War (1807-1814) with France under Napoleon.

The reign of Isabella II saw profound changes in the "Retiro". During the queen's minority, the gardens enjoyed a particularly prosperous period, with the planting of shade and fruit trees, and previously unplanted areas like the so called Campo Grande, were landscaped as well. The gardens eventually went to public ownership in 1868, at the time of the overthrow of Queen Isabella II.

El Retiro gradually became the heart of the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, the monument to Alfonso XIII was erected next to the pond. Countless statues, fountains and commemorative monuments have filled the park and converted it into an open-air sculpture museum.

The thirties and forties witnessed the creation of new gardens attributed to Chief Gardener Cecilio Rodriguez who designed and built "the rose bed" and his namesake gardens.

Features of the Park
Close to the northern entrance of the park is the Estanque del Retiro ("Retiro's Pond"), a large artificial pond. Next to it is the monument to King Alfonso XII, featuring a semicircular colonnade and an equestrian statue of the monarch on the top of a tall central core.

The Rosaleda rose garden. There are roses of all assortments and among the many rose bushes stands the Fountain of the Falling Angel, erected in 1922, whose main sculpture “El Angel Caído” (at the top) is a work by Ricardo Bellver (1845–1924) inspired by a passage from John Milton's Paradise Lost, which represents Lucifer falling from Heaven.

The few remaining buildings of the Buen Retiro Palace, including Casón del Buen Retiro and the Museo del Ejército, now house museum collections. The Casón has a collection of 19th and 20th century paintings, including art by the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla. The Ejército is one of Spain's foremost Army museums and it houses “La Tizona” the sword of the famous Spanish warrior El Cid. There are displays of armor, a cross carried by Columbus on his sea voyage to the New World and other artifacts.

Since assuming its role as a public park the late 19th century, the "Parque del Retiro" has been used as avenue for various international exhibitions. Several emblematic buildings have remained as testimony to such events, including the Minig building, popularly know as the Velázquez Palace (1884) by architect Ricardo Velázquez Bosco, and the Palacio de Cristal ("Crystal Palace"), a glass pavilion inspired by The Crystal Palace in London, undoubtedly the gardens' most extraordinary building. Built along with its artificial pond in 1887 by architect Ricardo Velázquez Bosco for the Philipinne Islands Exhibitions, it was first used to display flower species indigenous to the island. The landscape-style gardens located in the former "Campo Grande" are also a reminder of the international exhibitions that have taken place here in the past.

There are now art galleries in the Crystal Palace, Palacio de Velázquez, and Casa de Vacas.

In the Retiro Park is also the Forest of the Departed (Spanish Bosque de los Ausentes), a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks.

Activities
From late May through early October, every Sunday at midday, the Banda Sinfónica de Madrid gives free concerts from the bandstand in the park near the Calle d'Alcala.

The Park features an annual Book Fair.

Around the lake, Retiro’s Pond, many puppet shows are greatly enjoyed by the children and all manner of street performers and fortune tellers. Rowboats can be rented to paddle about the Estanque. horse-drawn carriages are available for hire. Many families in Madrid go there on the relaxed summer afternoons.