User:Rightlywritten/sandbox/Private Prison

Private Prisons in the US Chapter 1 Introduction The United States currently stands as a champion for the world’s most imprisoned population with 2.2 million people imprisoned, in other words, the US holds 25% of the worlds prison population despite only accounting for 5% of the world’s population (Economist 2013). There is no doubt that mass incarceration is prevalent in the US, and as a remedy, the US has adopted the use of private prisons. Although the key factors which lead to mass incarceration have been explored and acknowledged, the imperative role of private prisons is disregarded. The US holds more prisoners in privatised correctional facilities than any other country in the world (Cody Mason). The prison population remained steady throughout the 20th century until the 1970s until the era of mass incarceration began. Through a series of political movements such as Nixon’s war on drugs, Reagan’s just say no campaign criminalisation of indigenous people and imprisonment was rapidly increasing. However, one of the most significant was the 1994 crime bill signed by Bill Clinton, it led to a massive expansion of the prison system, increased funding to prisons, increased number of police officers longer sentences, the infrastructure to support mass incarceration was built. Since 1980, every two years the United States Congress has repeatedly sanctioned a vital section of criminal statutory law (DiIulio, 1996, p 12). Together, these political movements led to the insatiable demand for correctional facilities. The dire need for privatised correctional facilities stems from a means to reduce the burden in government facilities and aid in diminishing the federal deficit. As a result, the nation has given birth to a barbaric supply and demand chain which is known as cyclical incarceration. From a fundamental basic business viewpoint, the more beds that are filled the more revenue is generated. The economic model needs to maintain and increase the prison population. Mass incarceration has been heavily monetised. Privatised prisons in the US generate combined profits of over $8 billion dollars per year, it is evident the returns are more than fruitful. It makes no logical sense for a privatised prison to strive towards goals of rehabilitation, reduction in recidivism and reformation, as this would decrease the demand for their facilities and therefore losing out on lucrative returns. They need a steady influx of bodies to generate their profit.

Discussion It is clear to understand and believe their primary goal; keeping the privatised correctional facilities in high demand at whatever cost. Throughout the growth Privatised prisons do not serve justice but in fact, perform as factories for recidivism. Prison industrial complex refers to the system of mass incarceration and companies that profit from it. There are firms that gain profit if an individual is sent to jail in the US. These companies wish to have prisoners in the jail. There are lobbies that spend approximately 45 million dollars to ensure that when an individual is sentenced to jail, he goes to their specific jail. This was exercised in such a way that there was approx 37 percent boost of prisoners during the years 2002- 2009 (Taibbi, 2014, p 214-216). State and federal prisons are being outpaced by these private prisons. Though there is not much proof if any savings exist in the usage of these prisons. These are prisoners who are in jail for a short sentence and there are possibilities that they might be in jail for non-violent crimes. These private prisons are not just for the adult criminals but it is housing for the youth offenders. There are shocking tales of cruelty and fear that come from these facilities. This is an entire business that politicians lobby for more support to fill up their voting ballots. This industry is overlooked, as money is made per offender, in spite of, how less they spend money annually for each offender well being. It is a business for profit. In the last, this is a liability that can never be compensated by many individuals, if the payment time is missed, additional charges are fined and the license is also suspended. In simple terms it is summed up as: The more prisoners jailed=more profits in the industry (Maahs, & Pratt, 1999, p 358–371). The private prisons are assessed to give double the sentences as compared to state prisons. The judges are in great jeopardy of sentencing offenders who or else would not have been sentenced for the reason of the lawmakers lobbying. This clear corruption and enforced imprisonments, bribes etc boosts in unlawful trials. The scenario is clear that the companies of private prison are abusing the corrupt political system to jail people for their profit. Since the year 1989 two greatest private prison companies have squandered 35 million on contributions of lobbying etc. the money was invested for definite profit and the percentage has grown since the year 1990 (Chang, & Thompkins, 2002, pp 49–51). This business has been flourishing since the time the politicians favoured and bought private prisons. They have been capable to keep the profitable government agreements to strict laws to ascertain a balanced flow of offenders for their amenities. It makes about 3 billion dollars annually as the companies turn it into a profitable business.

Campaign Assistance The corrupted political system is being abused by the private prison organizations by utilizing campaign assistance and lobbying to prepare support for lawmakers and others in the industry. The Corrections Corporations of America (CCA) as well as GEO group are well known as biggest companies in the US have channelled millions to lawmakers since decades (Selman, & Leighton, 2010, pp 13-15). The candidates with a high probability of winning and donating sufficient money are certain they bag a seat to negotiate when the laws are being reformed.

Employing Lobbyists At the federal and state phase a number of lobbyists are employed by the private prison organizations. The lobbyists take full advantage of personal links, direct efforts to grow impact on lawmakers and the political contributions. Instead of keeping public safety in view, they reform laws to ensure that private prisons remain occupied. Thus gain a higher margin of profits (Chang, & Thompkins, 2002, pp 49–51).

Get Compensated As the politicians are in favour of these organizations they provide profitable agreements to ruthless laws that put more people in jail for smaller offences and greater lowest sentences. Each private prison holds a ‘bed mandate’ that obligates the state to fulfil 90 percent of the detention facilities that are beds in the private prisons (Taibbi, 2014, p 214-216). Consequently, it is the taxpayers who are obligated to compensate the organizations for vacant beds or put more people in jail. As a nation, all Americans should create awareness and work against this corrupted system for fair justice and not a money making industry.

Motivation I had always been sceptical of the prison system and the corruption which lied within however my interest was amplified after watching the Oscar-nominated documentary ‘13th’ described by the Guardian as a ‘fiercely intelligent prison documentary’ (Guardian 2016). Through a series of articulate interviews and a collection of perfectly sourced material Ava DuVernay showcases the sinister background and history of the prison industrial complex, eloquently depicting the relationship between the private prison industry and political forces, revealing the corruption within the industry led by greed and power. As a viewer, you are introduced to the notion of profit within the industry and are exposed to the systematic corporate culture in which inmates have used a source of profit through their supply of free labour (The New Yorker, p1). Wretched period of mass criminalisation America currently lives in and the prison industrial complex where African American inmates are coerced into unpaid labour by a methodical corporate culture which reaps economic benefits from human captivity. A bleak conclusion is drawn; slavery is alive and well in the form of prison labour.

The documentary The documentary inspired me to further investigate the financial corruption within the American private prison industry for my dissertation....13th. (2016) [film] Netflix: Kandoo Films

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter has been designed in order to provide the details of the methods that have been adopted for the purpose of collecting and analyzing the data in this research. 3.1 Research Philosophy Research philosophy defines the nature of knowledge which a particular study is going to create. Realism, positivism, and interpretive are three main research philosophies. Realism is suitable when the study includes laboratory testing, or other scientific procedures are involved in experimental research (Baskerville and Wood-Harper, 2016). This research paradigm suggests there is a difference between natural science and social science. Since the current research has gathered the qualitative data; thus, the interpretivism philosophy has been found as highly suitable. The reason is that interpretivism philosophy does not require empirical evidence and provide the findings based on understanding human and social principles. This qualitative analysis is based on this research philosophy because it focuses on the explaining the complexity if social issues and help researchers to gain an insight into a particular research phenomenon. The core objective of interpretivism is to develop a clear understanding of the daily happening and this theory suggests social reality is subjective. 3.2 Research Design Research design defines the overall strategy of the research process. It provides a comprehensive path or direction to the researcher which significantly helps to find the conclusion of the research problem being studied. There is multiple research design, but the appropriateness of a research design depends on the nature of a problem, research objective and the research philosophy adopted by the researcher (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2013). The exploratory research design is mostly used when the research intends to explore or develops a new theory, but if the research is required to explain particular research phenomena through statistical testing, then the descriptive approach is suitable. An explanatory research design is also suitable for analyzing the cause and effect relationship between variables (Cooper, 2016). In case of this study, the research design is exploratory because the topic is to find out and explore the financial corruption within the private prison industry in the US for the purposed of attracting new clients. The research objective is to explore and explain the strategies which can help a researcher to analyze factors/ sources which lead to the financial corruption. For the purpose of the current research, the exploratory research design with qualitative research will help a researcher to conduct a careful assessment of the effects of the financial corruption. Exploratory research design will help the researcher to come up with most desirable research outcomes. 3.3 Research Approach The research approaches are of two forms that involve the deductive and the other is the inductive approach. The deductive research approach helps to analyze the credibility of the research process by the testing hypothesis to come up with a theory or testing an existing theory to define the solution to a particular issue. Inductive reasoning is suitable when the study is based on analysis of an existing theory. Inductive reasoning does not include an assumption of hypothesis because it deals with the creation of knowledge. On the other hand, deductive reasoning is suitable when the study is based on testing of the hypothesis and researchers conduct statistical analysis to define solutions to a particular problem. Deductive reasoning is suitable when the researcher deals with the notion of coherence (Flick, 2015). The research approach followed by the researcher in this study is inductive reasoning. financial corruption within the private prison industry in the US is a well-defined area of research among scholar. There are multiple theories which have covered the effectiveness of financial corruption. Therefore, in this case, the researcher will follow inductive reasoning approach and will conduct qualitative analysis to find the factors/ sources which lead to the financial corruption. 3.4 Research Methods The research methods are mainly categorized into two forms. The first form is the qualitative research method; while, the second form is the quantitative research method. The analysis that is conducted in a descriptive manner is usually considered as the qualitative research methods; on the other hand, the statistical analysis to find the solution of a particular research problem is called a quantitative method. Mix methodology is the combined approach which includes qualitative as well as quantitative research methods to address a particular research problem (Frels and Onwuegbuzie, 2013). This study is based on qualitative analysis of the research methods. It is all about gathering qualitative information about a particular subject and focus on the information collected from past studies and literature. Qualitative research methods include observations of relevant studies and publications specifically for collecting data. Qualitative analysis helps to gain valuable detailed information from a sample. In this approach researcher concentrate on analyzing and assessing the meaning of unquantifiable facts about a research object. Qualitative research placed the researcher in a better position and enabled them to share their views and experiences about the subject being studied. In this research, qualitative research will help the researcher gain detailed information from the past studies and to collect views and opinions of accredited scholars and practitioners involved in a particular situation. 3.5 Research Strategy There are several types of research strategies that can be used by the researchers for their studies such as surveys, observations, experimentation and interviews. There are multiple research strategies which help the researchers to come up with desired results such as case study, experiments and conducting the survey (Gast and Ledford, 2014). The most common research strategy is conducting case study analysis also referred as literature-based review and collecting data through information being shared and the observations. The author has reviewed literature using solely qualitative methods. There is some use of quantitative methods such as the use of annual reports of the private prisons and other statistics generated. Initially In order to gauge at the topic of corruption within the industry itself and roughly assess the types of academic literature out there author started with a google scholar search of “private prison corruption”. Initially, the author didn’t solely focus on just financial corruption at this point as he wanted an idea of the greater picture. The researcher also searched the University of Leicester’s library. There were a vast array of journals and academic papers. Most of the papers that were found had a specific factor that they were focused on, for example, race, living conditions, and politics. The author read through a few to gain a picture of the wider scope. Qualitative methods are best suited in this case because of the nature of the research. 3.6 Data Analysis The analysis of the data can be done through different tools and techniques. The selection of the technique or tool is based on the type of the data. Since this research has gathered qualitative data; hence, to analyze the data, the ethnographic content analysis will be used. This technique has allowed the researcher to analyse the responses against the literature reviewed in the previous chapter.

Data Analysis Introduction The data analysis chapter covers the analysis of the findings. In this study, the past research studies were analyzed in order to formulate the findings. This chapter focuses on discussing the data gathered from the literature review and the findings explored through acritical analysis. The critical analysis has been considered based on the literature review to answer the research questions and in order to achieve the objective of the research. Analysis 1: Considering the primary research question, it is based on the evidence of financial corruption within the industry of private prison. It has been observed in the past research study that the financial corruption has increased in the United States dramatically and the activities of the criminal have taken place to the next level. The past literature has showcased that the increase in the private prisoner cells is increasing with the passage of time. However, the certain challenges have been highlighted in the literature review section. Aman (2005) investigated the growth of private prison in the United States. The purpose is to examine the number of private prisons and their prisoners are associated with each other. The data has been collected through from the case studies and from the published articles present online on the authentic sources. It has been analyzed that about 133000 have been packed into private prison houses in the year 2013. The population is about the 9% of the prison population. Considering the above statement, it can be analyzed that the private prisoners are taking birth rapidly with the passage of time. The current annual report 2015 of the CCA is significantly showing that The GEO group is the second largest private prison company that deals in the facilitation of the private prisoners and deals them accordingly. Using the current data of MTC, the capacity of prison has increased rapidly in the year 2015. The initiate of the private prison houses has taken place when the government of United States has failed to provide a proper place and facilities to the prisoners due to limited resources and funds allocation by the states. To make it better, the group of private prison break has stepped in and put forward their plans in order to gain an advantage from the prisoners (Wagner & Rabuy, 2017). It has the build to provide a suitable and healthy life to the prisoners and provides them with an opportunity to improve their life. The beneficial part is to provide them with the opportunity to earn a sustainable amount of money per working hour for their loved ones. On the other hand, a research has been conducted by Chang & Thompkins (2002) in which it has been analyzed that the increasing number of private prison has gained the attention of the corporations and 1.9 million prisoners have backed in the private prison. However, the challenging part was the corruption in United States prison on the government projects. The data has been collected on the basis of qualitative analysis. The past literature significantly analyzed the deviation in the practices and growth in the private prison houses. For example, the research conducted by the Price & Riccucci (2005) in which the state covered as a private prison in the year 2000 is about 9500. Moreover, the current number of 133000 has showcased the rapid increase in the duration of ten years. The growth of the private prisoner is increasing due to increase in the number of the prisoners. The Current numbers showed by the US Department of Justice in the year 2015 has covered increasing growth in the federal prisoner’s houses in the United States. However, the constitution has highlighted the8.4 percent of the overall United States prison population and it is increasing day by day. Considering these numbers, it can be analyzed that prison in the United States taken birth and involved in the criminal activities significantly. On the other hand, the private prison’s houses also stepped in for the provision of physical activities. For example, a known private prison corporation named CoreCivic has also put their efforts to manage the prisons and put them in the activities of earning some amount of income. CoreCivic also paying a good amount of wages that is about $12.66/hour to them on the basis of the work type. Nevertheless, this enhancement keeps them busy in the working practices and enables them to earn a few amounts for their own or their family. But, the birth of their private prisoners also creates critical situation because of the increase in the prison and the criminal activities. Analysis 2: Revenues A research conducted by the Khey (2015) in which he significantly emphasis on the revenue generation of the private prison houses on the basis of facilities, trade and other provided environmental facilities. The data has been collected on the basis of a quantitative approach that includes the financial data. The researcher has analyzed that the prisons are more effective as compared to national prison because, in this private prison, the involvement of prison activities also included that can earn the sustainable amount of income. Considering the numbers by the author that in the year 2009, the staff turnover for eight private prisons in Texas was a staggering 90% compared to 24 percent for state-run. As a business develops it can settle on the decision to open up to the world. Basically, this completes a couple of things for the organization that it can't do as a secretly held business. With most organizations, the presentation is the way to development. The more individuals that think about the organization, the more deals they can do. Be that as it may, with a private jail introduction isn't something they truly require. Rather, they require capital lifts for two different reasons. For the current analysis, on the off chance that a jail can "increase" a detainee $65 every day that implies their jail can hypothetically procure $60,000 every day on a jail that houses 2,000 prisoners. On the off chance that they can arrive another agreement with the administration to assemble a jail in the neighbouring state; they could begin procuring an extra $50,000 every day by maximizing that jail. It can be analyzed that the flow of finance is tremendous and the revenues they are generating from this type of business is in favour of earning good and healthy amount. By opening up to the world, they can see a sudden flood of cash that would enable them to fabricate that second jail. All things considered, there is a seedier motivation to open up to the world for a private jail. With a specific end goal to remain in business, these detainment facilities require a steady stream of detainees coming in to supplant those that have served their sentence. This implies laws must be authorized, contracts restored, and now and again, laws all the more entirely implemented. To do as such they need to purchase legislators. This procedure is called campaigning and is frequently disapproved of. Salaries A research conducted by the MacDonald (2016) in which, it has been analyzed the private prison earning and the salaries of non-profit organizations employees for three years. The data has been collected through a quantitative approach. It has been observed that one guard of private prison earns $26100 per annum. As a current record it can be analyzed that as a Senior VP, General Insight and Secretary at GEO Gathering INC, John J. Bulfin made a good amount of salary in this current month on a position of Senior Vice president. Of this aggregate $514,077 was gotten as a pay, $434,704 was gotten as a reward, $0 was gotten in investment opportunities, $1,224,050 was granted as stock and $7,564 originated from different sorts of remuneration (Salary, 2018). This data is as per intermediary proclamations petitioned for the 2017 financial year. Figure 1: General salary figures of the Private prison executive employees (Salary, 2018) The above graph shows the distribution of the salary of the senior vice president which they have earned as an executive position in the Private Prison Company of GEO Group. The above figure also shows the distribution of the bonuses and rewards allocated for the CEO and senior management. The outline of this research includes a breakdown of the aggregate yearly pay for John J. Bulfin, Senior VP, General Direction and Secretary at GEO Gathering INC as detailed in their intermediary articulations. Figure 2: Salary of John J. Buffin (Salary, 2018) Considering the base pay of the senior management of John Bulfin, the salary of the employee seems to be a good amount and the incentives of an individual are much better as compared to other employees of the Jail. So the sum of the total salary is healthy and attractive. Analysis No. 3 Heilbrun. et al, 2008 has conducted a research in which they significantly lighten on the issue of private prison houses facilitation and the treatment with the prisoners. The data has been collected on the basis of content analysis. While going through the analysis, a theme has developed on the basis of the condition and the living facilities provided in the private prisons home. Considering the past literature, various objections have been raised on the provision of the sustainable environment and place to the prisons. According to Filipovic (2018), while going through the literature, it has been analyzed that news has been leaked out regarding the provision of the facilities and the known ACLU stated that: "An extremely dangerous facility operating in a perpetual state of crisis, where prisoners live in barbaric and horrific conditions and their basic human rights are violated daily." Considering the above statement, it can transparently show that the government of United States is not paying attention to the provision of the facilities, food, income and the environment for the living of the prison. The upset moment is that the core aim of the private prison has been broken down. The core aim of the prison’s houses is the facilitation of good environment and the way to earn a sustainable amount of income for their loved ones. But this has been violated every day in the United States private prisons and the fall of the human rights clearly be seen on the bigger picture of this horrific news statement. Similarly, Aviram (2016) has investigated the policies and necessity of the prisoners in the private prison property. The data has been collected on the basis of content analysis. The availability of the resources is the necessary element for the private prison houses for the prisoners. But considering the current scenario, few are the examples need to showcase in this session for the critical analysis of the living conditions in Private Prisons (Filipovic, 2018). “One prisoner allegedly attempted to hang himself. He was cut down by guards, given oxygen and put on supervision, but wasn't taken to an emergency room, let alone given psychiatric care during the suicide watch. Without seeing a psychiatrist, his medication dosage was increased.” Another case has been showcased based on the violation of the human rights as well as the law of United States of America (Filipovic, 2018). “A severely ill 16-year-old with a long history of being physically and sexually abused in addition to suffering from a traumatic brain injury, limited intellectual functioning, self-harm, and psychosis" was moved to EMCF from a juvenile detention centre. His cell allegedly had a broken lock, and so other prisoners were able to enter. Five or six of them beat him. He was moved to a solitary confinement unit and when he voiced his suicidal ideations and asked to see a psychiatrist, was deemed and manipulating to be moved." Considering the above examples, it is clearly shown that the private prison companies are not treating well to the prisoners and the living of their under these circumstances becoming more dangerous compared to the committed crime. While going through the above statements, it can be analyzed that the spending of the government is not much and the funding also, but the treatment of these prisons have some right to live under the law of committed crime. The provision of these criminals should consider the aspect of human rights and way of better life (Filipovic, 2018). The need of these private prisons has great importance in the modern era due to which some of the cases have been buried down and the action has not been taken against them. But with the passage of time, the right things need to be highlighted in front of all the citizen and media to take a serious consideration of this activity (Huberman & Miles, 2002). The improvement is sufficiently required in this specific area of the private prison company’s practices. The Government should develop a legal regulatory function in order to provide safe and secure homes to the prisons and provides them what they have promised with the government and other legal authorities. Analysis 4: The literature significantly shows that the government of United has failed in the provision of appropriate prison cells and jails for the prisoners. Shichor & Weinrath, (1998) has analyzed that the government was facing difficulties in managing the prison’s cell and jail. The researcher has analyzed that with the passage of time the numbers of prisoners are increasing but the allocation of the resources are not as per the requirement. The 100% increase in the number of private prisons considering the year 1984. The approach used to for the analysis is based on the quantitative analysis. Similarly, on the other hand, Alonso & Andrews (2016) had argued on the terms of the contract and the unethical practices are done in the Private prison. The issue has been highlighted regarding the provision of goods and facilities to the prisoners due to the lack of resources. The data has been analysed through the qualitative analysis based on the past published articles and literature reviews. The use of prisoners in the past time is the hectic situation for the prison’s cells and the government as well. The safety of the prisoner and other related concern of the jail were in danger due to least financial assets and funds provided by the government. The government of United States was in tensed to manage these criminals and prisoners appropriate with the provision of laws, rules, and regulations. The private prison’s houses have played a significant role in the history of the United States to provide a platform where the prison can involve the activities to gain some profit. The current record has been maintained in the cloud data of the United States and the emerging range of the private prison’s houses. Considering the report of CCA, it can be analyzed that private prison got $911.8 million as an average in government cash from its different jail related contracts (Wagner &Rabuy, 2017). This considered being insufficient amount considering the growth of the prisoners in recent times. To provide a healthy life to the prisoners, it is necessary to allocate the resources with the increase in the number of the prisoners. But with the support of the private prison corporation, these lacks of resources issue has been resolved by involving prisoners into different activities. On the basis of the critical analysis, the contract has been made on the basis of the government spending of funds allocation to the respective concern to manage the operations and activities with the prison houses (Huberman and Miles, 2002). In fact, it requires more funds for the provision of better living style. However, the efforts have been made in a continuous process every year by the government of the United States and the private prison companies. In the past literature, a research conducted by Gottschalk (2006) in which poor condition and staff turnover have been analyzed. While going through the research, it has been analyzed that The GEO Company is considered as the second largest Private Prison Company according to the data of SNL. The data has been analyzed through a mixed approach that includes interviews and collected record from an online source. With the joint contract between the government of the United States and these Private Prison, companies have made the work easier and effective. Considering the numbers of the GEO groups, the result has been obtained as the income summed up of $1.84 billion (GEO Group, 2015). The total of $1.7 billion has been assigned for U.S. revisions and confinement and GEO Care. As compared to the previous allocation of the investment, these above-mentioned number considered to be well enough to manage the prisoners in the private prison houses. The income and the funds from the government have changed the scenario and together have managed the provision of well enough resources and facilities. Another contract was made on the behalf of old public record request and the government policies between the government and these private prison companies. The core aim of this contract is to manage the record up to date in order to assign and trade the prisons with respect to consumption, place, requirement and the feasibility. Moreover, this strategy creates beneficial for the allocation of the criminals and the quality of the private prison organization with respect to the quality provided to the prisons. In a total of the estimation of the three companies, it can be analyzed that the $3.9 billion revenue has been obtained from mass incarceration and immigration detention and made $0.37 billion in profits ($374 million). References Aman, A. C. (2005). Privatization, prisons, democracy, and human rights: The need to extend the province of administrative law. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 12(2), 511-550. Aviram, H. (2016) ‘Are private prisons to blame for mass incarceration and its evils? Prison conditions, neoliberalism, and public choice’, Fordham Urban Law Journal, 42(2), p. 411. Chang, T. F., & Thompkins, D. E. (2002). Corporations go to prisons: The expansion of corporate power in the correctional industry. Labor Studies Journal, 27(1), 45-69. Filipovic. J (2018). America's private prison system is a national disgrace. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/13/aclu-lawsuit-east-mississippi-correctional-facility GEO Group (2015). Annual Report. 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