User:Riley.Barnes/sandbox

Article about Corona satellite

Cloud, John. "Imaging the World in a Barrel: CORONA and the Clandestine Convergence of the Earth Sciences." Social Studies of Science 31, no. 2 (2001): 231-51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3183113.

Article about development of computers in the early 1950s

Gerovitch, Slava. "'Mathematical Machines' of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s." Social Studies of Science 31, no. 2 (2001): 253-87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3183114.

Article about Sputnik

"Sputnik." Science 126, no. 3277 (1957): 739-40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1754428.

Sputnik's relevance to American technological development

Usselman, Steven W. "From Sputnik to SCOT: The Historiography of American Technology." OAH Magazine of History 24, no. 3 (2010): 9-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25701416.

Space Race implications on public policy

Werth, Karsten. "A Surrogate for War—The U.S. Space Program in the 1960s." Amerikastudien / American Studies 49, no. 4 (2004): 563-87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41158096.

Space the Last Cold War frontier

Reichstein, Andreas. "Space—the Last Cold War Frontier?" Amerikastudien / American Studies 44, no. 1 (1999): 113-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41157439.

--> Johnson's viewed the space race as an opportunity for peaceful competition with the Soviets, as well as a method for improving his own political career. Legislation in Congress between 1957 and 1961 was primarily caused by the actions of Johnson. The original committee for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was not progressive enough for progressing in space exploration, and was replaced by a Special Committee for Space and Aeronautics on 6 February 1968. Johnson was appointed the head of this committee on 20 February 1968, which was composed of 13 members of Congress. Following the successful orbit of the Soviet Union's Sputnik I and Sputnik II, coupled with the failed launching of the Navy's Vanguard 3 TV-3; the American society was baffled as it had viewed itself as a power that was technologically superior to the Soviets prior to these events.

-->President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) established after the successful launching of Sputnik I, under the Eisenhower administration.

-->The Soviet's hydrogen bomb in 1955 surprised many and helped to provide fodder for the arms race.

Origins of the Space Race
The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union is an integral component of the Cold War because, contrary to the Nuclear arms race, it was a peaceful competition in which the two powers could demonstrate their technological dominance over the other. Shortly after the Soviet's successful orbits of the Earth with the Satellite Sputnik 1, launched October 4, 1957 and sputnik 2, less than a month later. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by creating the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC). This committee was appointed to lead the United States in policy for scientific and defense strategies. Another United States response to the Soviet's successful satellite mission was a Navy led attempt to launch the first American satellite into space using its Vanguard TV3 missile. This effort resulted in complete failure, with the Navy missile exploding on the launch pad. As a consequence of these developments, the media went into a frenzy, the American public was perplexed, and the American Army and Navy struggled against each other for control of efforts to launch an American satellite into space. To resolve this, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed his President's Science Advisor, James Rhyne Killian, to consult with the PSAC to develop a solution.

Creation of NASA
Main article: Creation of NASA

In reaction to the launch of the Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union, the President's Science Advisory Committee advised President Dwight D. Eisenhower to convert National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics into a new organization that would be more progressive in the United States' efforts for space exploration and research. This organization was to be named the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This agency would effectively shift the control of space research and travel from the military into the hands of NASA, which was to be a civilian-government administration. NASA was to be in charge of all non-military space activity, while another organization ( DARPA ) was to be responsible for space travel and technology intended for military use.

On April 2, 1958 Eisenhower presented legislation to Congress to implement the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency. Congress responded by supplementing the creation of NASA, with an additional committee to be called the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC). The NASC would include the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the head of the Atomic Energy Commission, and the administrator of NASA. This legislation was passed by Congress, and then signed by President Eisenhower on July 29, 1958. NASA began operations on October 1, 1958.

Kennedy's Space Administration
Since the birth of NASA, there had been considerations about the possibility of flying a man to the moon. On July 5, 1961 the "Research Steering Committee on Manned Spaceflight", led by George Low presented the concept of the Apollo program  to the NASA "Space Exploration Council". It was proposed that after the manned Earth-orbiting missions, Project Mercury, that the government-civilian administration should make efforts to successfully complete a manned lunar spaceflight mission. Although, under the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidential administration, NASA was given very little authority to further explore space travel, especially manned lunar flights. NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan explained that President Dwight D. Eisenhower, restricted any further space exploration beyond Project Mercury. However, President John F. Kennedy had been elected as President the previous November, policy for space exploration underwent a revolutionary change.

"This nation should commit itself to the achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth" -John F. Kennedy

After President John F. Kennedy made this proposal to Congress on May 25, 1961, Kennedy followed through with this commitment to manned lunar spaceflight in the ensuing 30 months prior to his assassination. Directly after his proposal, there was an 89% increase in government funding for NASA, followed by a 101% increase in funding the subsequent year. This marked the beginning of the United States' mission to the Moon.