User:Rileybuus/Bear Butte

Bear Butte is a geological laccolith feature located near Sturgis, South Dakota, United States, that was established as a State Park in 1961. An important landmark and religious site for the Plains Indians tribes long before Europeans reached South Dakota, Bear Butte is called Matȟó Pahá, or Bear Mountain, by the Lakota, or Sioux. To the Cheyenne, it is known as Noahȧ-vose ("giving hill") or Náhkȯhe-vose ("bear hill"), and is the place where Ma'heo'o (Great Spirit) imparted to Sweet Medicine, a Cheyenne prophet, the knowledge from which the Cheyenne derive their religious, political, social, and economic customs.

The mountain is sacred to many other indigenous peoples and groups, who make pilgrimages to leave prayer cloths and tobacco bundles tied to the branches of the trees along the mountain's flanks. Certain offerings are often left at the top of the mountain. It is believed by a collection of surrounding indigenous groups that the butte can heal spirits. The site is associated with various religious ceremonies throughout the year. The mountain is a place of prayer, meditation, and peace.

The park includes a campsite west of South Dakota Highway 79 where horseback riding, fishing, and boating are permitted. Similarly, the butte has become a popular place for rock climbing. On the summit side of Highway 79, a moderately sized herd of bison roams the base of the mountain. An education center and a summit trail are available. Official park policy advises visitors to Bear Butte to respect worshipers and to leave religious offerings undisturbed. Park fees are waived for those undertaking religious activities. Some nearby land was also obtained by some Native American tribes in later years as well and continues to be bought by indigenous organizations.

Geological History
Bear Butte is not strictly a butte, which is defined as created primarily by erosion of sedimentary strata, but rather a laccolith: an intrusive body of igneous rock, uplifting the earlier sedimentary layers, which have since largely eroded away. This is the result of the forcible entry (or intrusion) of magma into cooler crustal rock in the Black Hills area during the Eocene Epoch. t is possible that when the intrusion was emplaced, some magma may have breached the surface, forming a volcano; however, it would have eroded away long ago. It is rather believed to be apart of an early Tertiary intrusion that may have formed many other features of the northern Black Hills geography. This conclusion was reached through a magnetic survey which continues for the area. Geologists who are continually studying this area have made connections between Bear Butte and Circus Flats. In this, Bear Butte also shares a similar geological history with other formations in the region, including the Black Hills, Devils Tower, the Missouri Buttes, and some parts of the Rocky Mountains. . The peak rises 1253.5 ft above the surrounding plain and measures 4426 ft above sea level which makes it noteable from a distance away.

Importance to Indigenous Peoples
Human artifacts have been found on or near Bear Butte that date back 10,000 years, indicating a long and continuous interest in the mountain. The Cheyenne and Lakota people have maintained a spiritual interest in Bear Butte from their earliest recorded history. To the Cheyenne people, Bear Butte is considered their birthplace. It is recorded that the Cheyenne's religion was formed in this location between 700 and 3,000 years ago. Other governmentally recognized tribes, such as the Arapahoe who now reside in northern Oklahoma, also have religious and spiritual connections to the area. Modernly, the Lakota believe that it is a place where the creator chooses to communicate with them through visions and prayers.

Frank Fools Crow, the Lakota ceremonial chief (d. 1989), made pilgrimages to Bear Butte throughout his lifetime. Fools Crow taught racial harmony not just between whites and Indians, but among all the peoples of the world. He believed the Lakota should never sell the Black Hills. A bust and plaque in front of the education center at Bear Butte State Park honor Fools Crow's efforts.

In 2011, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included Bear Butte on its list of the 11 Most Endangered Places. Between 2016 and 2018, Native American tribes such as the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe of South Dakota acquired land around the butte due to the cultural significance.

History of Treaties Involving the Land
Notable visitors like Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull made pilgrimages to the site. In 1857, a council of many Indian nations gathered at Bear Butte to discuss the growing presence of white settlers in the Black Hills. The Treaty of Fort Laramie that was signed in April 1868, set aside the land that is now known as the Black Hills for the Sioux People. This land that was set aside included the land that Bear Butte sits on. The signing of the treaty was a result of the wars that took place between 1860 and 1870 that surrounded white settlers encroaching on the land that the tribes that made up the Sioux Nation resided on. The Indian Peace Committee was created to try and curb the wars and conflicts that were happening and were responsible for the drafting and signing on the Fort Laramie Treaty.

Violating a the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, George Armstrong Custer led an expedition to the Black Hills region in 1874, and according to custom he camped near Bear Butte. Custer verified the rumors of gold in the Black Hills, and Bear Butte then served as an easily identifiable landmark for the rush of invading prospectors and settlers into the region. Indian reaction to the illegal movements of whites into the area was intense and hostile. Ultimately, the government reneged on its treaty obligations regarding the Black Hills and instead embarked on a program to confine all northern Plains tribes to reservations. This confinement led to Bear Butte falling in the hands of the federal government rather than the indigenous government.

Ezra Bovee homesteaded on the southern slopes of the mountain, and by the time of World War II, he and his family were the legal owners of the site. In the spring of 1945, the Northern Cheyenne received permission from Bovee to hold a ceremony at Bear Butte to pray for the end of World War II. The Cheyenne found that the Bovee family welcomed their interest in the mountain, and over the years the Bovees continued to encourage native religious ceremonies.

By the mid-1950s Ezra Bovee was attempting to stir up interest in making Bear Butte a national park. After his death, his family continued the effort. When federal interest in the project waned, the state government in Pierre took action, and Bear Butte became a state park in 1961 and was registered as a National Historic Landmark in 1981.

Modern Legal Battles
After Bear Butte became a state park, tourism ramped up which made it harder for the native groups to conduct their religious ceremonies without disturbances. A group of native groups banned together to try and get the land back from the federal government by forming the Bear Butte International Alliance. The Bear Butte International Alliance argued that many american-indian soldiers who fought in wars needed to come back to Bear Butte to heal their spirit. Many other groups and individuals have made attempts to return the land to the natives.

Frank Fools Crow was the plaintiff in one of the most prominent attempts by Native Americans to gain access to sacred lands under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978. The case, Fools Crow v. Gullett, related to the introduction in 1982 of limits on when and for how long Lakota and Cheyenne religious ceremonies could take place on the Bluff. The Indian Americans argued that both the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and the First Amendment protected their right to unlimited access to the Bluff. They also wanted the Bluff to remain untouched as it was sacred. The plaintiffs lost their case on both the District and Appellate level and were denied a hearing by the Supreme Court.

With the butte's proximity to Sturgis, SD, many native groups are concerned with the development of the land surrounding the butte. The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally attracts over 500,000 people for the week long festival. With the influx of people, the tourism industry is central for the small town. However, Natives are concerned with how close the tourism industry is getting to the base of Bear Butte. In 2006, a local bar owner bought land 2.5 miles from the base of the butte in order to build a bar and hotel to attract the bikers. Yet, he faced pushback from the native peoples surrounding the idea that motorcycles would pass by more often and disturb religious ceremonies that could be happening. In the end, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe who reside in Montana, bought 36 acres of land surrounding the butte in an attempt to decrease potential development. Since 2006, the Tribe has continued to purchase land and now owns more than 700 acres around Bear Butte.