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= Puppy Nutrition=

Choline
Choline helps in the formation of acetylcholine, which is important for neurotransmission and cognitive functioning. As a result of this, a deficiency in choline could result in neurological impairment. Choline is required for cell membrane structure and function and sphingomyelin. Choline is often present in the form of choline chloride in puppy cognition diets.

Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of myelin. Due to this, a deficiency would cause impairment of neurological functions. It is also required for protein and lipid synthesis, and as such is necessary for growth.

Fats and Fatty Acids
Puppies are able to synthesize DHA from alpha-linolenic acid while nursing due to their high demand for it, but only for this short period. It is more efficient to supplement DHA to puppies rather than ALA for conversion. DHA supplementation in the mother’s diet during pregnancy and lactation is also an effective way to ensure puppies receive optimal amounts of DHA during prenatal and neonatal development.

In humans, AA and DHA make up 50% of the fatty acids in grey matter, making adequate amounts early on vital to good cognitive function.