User:Riyaaarul/Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua

Service Provisions (original)
''According to municipal law, municipalities are responsible for providing water and sanitation services in Nicaragua. However, in practice very few municipalities actually provide these services. Instead more than 60% of water users are served by the national water and sewerage company Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ENACAL), which serves most urban areas. A further 30% are served by community organizations (potable water committees) in rural areas. Less than 10% of users are served by a departmental water company in Rio Blanco as well as by 26 small municipalities.''

''As of 2004 ENACAL had a total of 410,000 registered users in the country, of which Managua represents 50 percent. ENACAL has 18 regional departments. Some of these departments have received greater autonomy, such as in the case of Granada, under what is called the "Modelo de Gestion Descontentrado".''

Service Provisions
''According to municipal law, municipalities are responsible for providing water and sanitation services in Nicaragua. However, in practice very few municipalities actually provide these services. Instead more than 60% of water users are served by the national water and sewerage company Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ENACAL), which serves most urban areas. A further 30% are served by community organizations (potable water committees) in rural areas. Less than 10% of users are served by a departmental water company in Rio Blanco as well as by 26 small municipalities.''

''As of 2004 ENACAL had a total of 410,000 registered users in the country, of which Managua represents 50 percent. ENACAL has 18 regional departments. Some of these departments have received greater autonomy, such as in the case of Granada, under what is called the "Modelo de Gestion Descontentrado"'' or "Decentralized Management Model". This model also led to a shift of national water services towards urban areas, in line with broader trends observed within several other regions of Latin America; rural water access remains a challenge.

In Peru, in the past decade, the government has constructed the Andean watersheds to meet the increasing water demands of cities such as Lima, overlooking the needs of rural communities situated in headwater areas. In rural Nicaragua, the growing reliance on urban engineers and private contractors for water and sanitation projects in Las Mesas Sur and El Cedro undermined the training and skill development of rural residents.

Rural Service Provisioning
Social movements and non-profit organizations are responding to the urgent need for enhancing rural water capacity and promoting more inclusive frameworks for addressing water service needs in smaller municipal units *CITE*. These initiatives represent a shift towards community-driven solutions and away from centralized approaches to water service and distribution. By investing in education, capacity building, and infrastructure development, they demonstrate how rethinking rural water access can lead to more equitable and sustainable outcomes for communities and the environment *CITE*.

Agua Para La Vida's Escuela Tecnica de Agua Potable y Saneamiento (ETAP)
Agua Para La Vida's Technical School of Drinking Water and Sanitation (ETAP), which empowers local communities through education and skill development, offers a blueprint for fostering self-sufficiency and cultural sensitivity in rural water infrastructure projects.

ETAP plays a crucial role in enhancing rural capacity and addressing water distribution inequalities in Nicaragua. Through a structured two-year curriculum, ETAP offers full-ride scholarships leading to a diploma as a "Specialist Technician in Design and Management of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems," recognized by the Nicaraguan Technical Institute (INATEC). Approximately 85% of Agua Para La Vida's field staff are ETAP alumni, demonstrating the program's efficacy in equipping rural citizens with expertise in water and sanitation skills while fostering self-sufficiency in infrastructure projects.

To further expand rural water access and address inequalities, ETAP collaborates with rural communities and local governments. By emphasizing active participation and empowering individuals through financial autonomy and political engagement, Agua Para La Vida aims to create sustainable solutions that alleviate water inequity and promote inclusive development.

The Buen Vivir Movement

The Buen Vivir movement encompasses initiatives that aim to enhance rural capacity and address inequalities in water distribution by promoting sustainable development strategies.

In Ecuador, Buen Vivir principles have been integrated into watershed management programs, such as the New Governance Model implemented in Tungurahua province. This model emphasizes participatory governance and indigenous norms, which have led to innovative approaches in water resource management. Local communities have been actively involved in decision-making processes, ensuring that water access and distribution are equitable and sustainable. Efforts under Buen Vivir have also included community-led water governance, prioritizing community involvement in managing water resources. Local stakeholders, including indigenous groups and farmers' associations, play key roles in designing and implementing water management plans tailored to local needs.

Buen Vivir initiatives promote infrastructure development to improve water access in rural areas. This includes building water storage facilities, irrigation systems, and potable water supply networks to ensure reliable water supply for agricultural and domestic use. Similar to initiatives such as ETAP, capacity building and education are also integral components of Buen Vivir strategies. Initiatives invest in training sessions and workshops to empower local communities in sustainable water management practices with topics including water conservation, efficient irrigation techniques, and ecosystem-based approaches to enhance rural livelihoods.