User:Rjensen/Crime

History of Crime and Punishment as of 15 June 2019 move to https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gambling_in_the_United_States&dir=prev&action=history

draft 3 5-21-2019

New York City June 15, 2019
At the turn-of-the-century in 1900, gambling was illegal but  widespread in New York City. The favorite activities included games of chance such as cards and dice and numbers, and betting on sports events, chiefly horseracing. In the upper class, gambling was handled discreetly in the expensive private clubs, the most famous of which was operated by Richard Canfield who operated the Saratoga Club. Prominent players included Reggie Vanderbilt and John Bet-a-Million Gates. The chief competitor to Canfield was the "Bronze Door," operated 1891-1917 by syndicate of gamblers closely linked to the Democratic machine represented by Tammany Hall. These elite establishments were illegal, and paid off the police and politicians as needed people per. The working-class were served by neighborhood gambling parlors, featuring fellow Pharaoh card games, and the omnipresent omnipresent policy shops were poor folks could that a few pennies on the daily numbers, and be quickly paid off so they could gamble again. Betting on horse racing was allowed only at the tracks themselves, where the controls were tight. The most famous venue was Belmont Park a complex of five racecourses a 12,000 the grandstand and multiple stables, centered around a lavish clubhouse. Middle-class gamblers could frequent the racetracks, but the center of middle-class moral gravity was strongly opposed to all forms of gambling. Led by men such as police commissioner Theodore Roosevelt and the Reverend Charles H. Parkhurst, the leading Presbyterian pastor and president of the New York Society for the Prevention of Crime, and reform mayor William L. Strong, and proved successful in passing laws in the state legislature against any emerging gambling venue. Such laws were enforced and most of the small towns and rural areas, but not in New York's larger cities, where political machines controlled the police and the courts.

Homicide rates plunge over 800 years
from History of Europe At the local level, levels of violence were extremely high by modern standards. Typically, small groups would battle their neighbors, using the farm tools at hand such as knives, sickles hammers and axes. Mayhem and death were deliberate. The vast majority of people lived in rural areas. Cities were few, and small in size, but their concentration of population was conducive to violence. Long-term studies of places such as Amsterdam, Stockholm, Venice and Zurich show the same pattern of decline. The various regions of Europe all show the same long-term declines, except Italy remained high. Between about 1200 and about 1800, death rates from violent episodes-- not including warfare -- declined by a factor of 10, from  32 deaths per 1000 people to 3.2 per 1000. In the 20th century the rate was only 1.4 per 1000. to 50. Police and prisons did did not exist before the mid-19th century, so the decline is usually attributed to a steady increase in self-control, of the sort necessitated by schools and factories. Historian Manuel Eisner has summarized the patterns from over 300 historical studies.

Police and prisons

 * Emsley, Clive. Policing and its context: 1750-1870 (1983) in Europe
 * Emsley, Clive. Gendarmes and the state in nineteenth-century Europe (1999) excerpt
 * Johnston, Helen, ed. Punishment and Control in Historical Perspective (2008).
 * Johnston, Helen, ed., Punishment and Control in Historical Perspective (2008) online
 * Reisig, Michael D. and Robert J. Kane, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (2014)excerpts
 * Reisig, Michael D. and Robert J. Kane, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (2014)excerpts
 * Reisig, Michael D. and Robert J. Kane, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (2014)excerpts

Historiography

 * Emsley, Clive abd L.A. Knafla, eds. Crime History and Histories of Crime. Studies in the Historiography of Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern History (Greenwood Press, 1996)
 * Knepper, Paul. Writing the History of Crime (2016) excerpt

Europe

 * Eisner, Manuel. "Long-term historical trends in violent crime." Crime and Justice 30 (2003): 83-142. online
 * Emsley, Clive, and L. Knafa, eds., Crime history and histories of crime (1996)
 * Emsley, Clive, and Barbara Weinberger, eds. Policing Western Europe: Politics, Professionalism, and Public Order, 1850-1940 (Greenwood Press, 1991) online
 * Emsley, Clive. Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1999) online
 * Gurr, Ted Robert. "Historical trends in violent crime: A critical review of the evidence." Crime and Justice 3 (1981): 295-353, Showing a long-term decline in violent crime from the Middle Ages to the mid-19th century, and arises since then

France

 * Cohen, David, and Eric A. Johnson. "French criminality: Urban-rural differences in the nineteenth century." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 12#3 (1982): 477-501. Online
 * Gillis, A.R. "Crime and state surveillance in nineteenth‐century France" American Journal of Sociology (1989) 95#2 pp. 307–41. online
 * Harsin, J. Prostitution in 19th-century Paris 1985
 * Johanson, A. Soldiers as Police. The French and Prussian Armies and the Policing of Popular Protest, 1889-1914 (2005).
 * Lodhi, Abdul Qaiyum, and Charles Tilly. "Urbanization, crime, and collective violence in 19th-century France." American Journal of Sociology 79.2 (1973): 296-318. online
 * Magraw, Roger. France 1800-1914: a social history (2002) pp 234-267
 * Parrella, Anne. "Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815-1904." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22.4 (1992): 627-654. Online
 * Zehr, Howard. Crime and the development of modern society: Patterns of criminality in nineteenth century Germany and France (2019).
 * Zehr, Howard. "The modernization of crime in Germany and France, 1830-1913." Journal of Social History 8.4 (1975): 117-141. Online

Germany

 * Johnson, E. A. Urbanization and Crime. Germany 1871-1914 (1995).
 * Mehlum, H., Miguel, E. and Torvik, R. "Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany' Journal of Urban Economics (2006) 59#3 pp. 370 – 88.
 * Johanson, A., Soldiers as Police. The French and Prussian Armies and the Policing of Popular Protest, 1889-1914 (2005).
 * Reinke, Herbert. "Crime and criminal justice history in Germany. A report on recent trends." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 13.1 (2009): 117-137. onnline
 * Traxler, C. and Burhop, C. "Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany: a reassessment' (Working Paper No. 2010‐35, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods. (2010 ).
 * Zehr, Howard. Crime and the development of modern society: Patterns of criminality in nineteenth century Germany and France (2019).

Great Britain
see Victorian Era see bibliog:


 * Beattie J. M. Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (2001) online
 * Browne Douglas G. and George G. Harrap. The Rise of Scotland Yard: A History of the Metropolitan Police (1956) online
 * Emsley, Clive. Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900 (2nd ed. 1996) online
 * Hanawalt, Barbara. Crime and conflict in English communities, 1300-1348. Harvard Univ Pr, 1979.

United States
excerpt]
 * Critchley, David. The Origin of Organized Crime in America (2000) excerpt
 * Friedman, Lawrence. Crime And Punishment In American History (1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Punishment-American-History-Lawrence-Friedman/dp/0465014879/
 * Oliver, Willard M. and James F. Hilgenberg, Jr. A History of Crime and Criminal Justice in America (3rd ed. 2017) excerpt

National criminal law

 * Australian criminal law
 * Canadian criminal law
 * English criminal law
 * Penal Code of France
 * Indian criminal law
 * Irish criminal law
 * Northern Irish criminal law
 * Philippine criminal law
 * Penal Code of Romania
 * Criminal Code of Russia
 * Scottish criminal law
 * Criminal law of the United States
 * Strafgesetzbuch (Switzerland)