User:Rjensen/sandbox Germany2021

c:\2017\ideas about Khrushchev in 1958 Thursday, April 8, 2021 Khrushchev is on a roll for several important factors. His taken control of Politburo -- the murmurs about his inherent recklessness persist. As radical attacks on Stalin have given him world stature, and the Stalinization has proven generally popular in the Soviet Union, although perhaps not so in East Germany ... Geneva Summit meeting puts Khrushchev the peasant boy on the same platform as these elite men from West Point Oxbridge Sorbonne. Gains confidence in his bargaining ability. 1956 episodes and crushing the uprising in Hungary and holding off the Americans was a big success for a Khrushchev

the successful H-bomb test means that both countries are now equal in terms of their MAD capability, and so Eisenhower cannot use the threat of nuclear war against him, Campbell has Khrushchev and Eisenhower thinking the same about the absolute necessity of avoiding nuclear war. thirdly the stunningly successful Sputnik means that USSR =ahead in both space and land forces, on the negative side... Troubles in Germany Ulbricht demanding action, with the drastic loss of skilled manpower & the American installation of short-range nuclear missiles in West Germany furthermore long term there is been no peace treaty that would define the new boundaries in central Europe, which is highly troublesome for both East Germany and Poland. Solution is to force through a new peace treaty, turn Berlin to into a free city, which means no occupation forces by any of the four powers Adenauer strongly opposes, Eisenhower opposes, de Gaulle is also opposes, and Macmillan wants a compromise... He goes to Moscow and gets the ultimatum postponed and ended

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CHRUSCHTSCHOW UND DER MAUERBAU: DIE GIPFELKONFERENZ DER WARSCHAUER-PAKT-STAATEN VOM 3.-5. AUGUST 1961. Academic Journal

Khrushchev and the building of the Berlin Wall: the Warsaw Pact summit conference of 3-5 August 1961. By: Bonwetsch, Bernd; Filitow, Alexei. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 2000 Bibliography, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p155-198. 44p. Language: German. Historical Period: 1961. Abstract: The minutes of the Warsaw Pact summit meeting on 3-5 August 1961, parts of which are reprinted here, do not answer the key question of whether it was Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev or East German Party chief Walter Ulbricht who first proposed building the Berlin Wall to stem the massive tide of refugees from East to West Germany. It is clear, however, that the two both approved of this measure as the least risky option and that the other Communist leaders wanted to disassociate themselves as much as possible from the move in order to escape Western retaliation. For the Soviets, the primary goal was to strengthen their control over their partners. (AN: 46509018) Subjects: WARSAW Treaty Organization; SUMMIT meetings; DECISION making; BERLIN Wall, Berlin, Germany, 1961-1989; ULBRICHT, Walter, 1893-1973; KHRUSHCHEV, Nikita Sergeevich, 1894-1971 15. The Western secret services, the East German Ministry of State Security and the building of the Berlin Wall.

By: Maddrell, Paul. Intelligence & National Security. Oct2006, Vol. 21 Issue 5, p829-847. 19p. Historical Period: 1945 to 1961. Abstract: The main reason for the closure of the East-West sectoral border in Berlin on 13 August 1961 and the ensuing construction of the Berlin Wall was to prevent refugees from fleeing the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and so keep the Communist state in being. However, new evidence shows that the border was also closed for security reasons, as the Communists claimed. The open border with the West in Berlin was the main cause of the GDR's intense security crisis in the 1950's, and its closure gave the state greater stability. The security advantages to the Communists of closing the border were so obvious that the Western secret services had long feared that they would do precisely this. In particular, the West's spy chiefs saw that Nikita Khrushchev's ultimatum of November 1958 over Berlin was in part designed to put an end to their operations. Although they did not see precisely what action would be taken, they expected some sort of measure to deprive them of their base in West Berlin; they saw also that the closure of the sectoral border was a distinct possibility. Far from being unanticipated, the security measure taken by the Communists in August 1961 was one of the most long-expected and carefully prepared events of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] DOI: 10.1080/02684520600957779. (AN: 22847898) Subjects: BERLIN (Germany); GERMANY (East). Ministerium fur Staatssicherheit; COMMUNIST strategy; NATIONAL security; BERLIN Wall, Berlin, Germany, 1961-1989; 20TH century history; POLITICAL stability; INTERNAL security; GOVERNMENT policy; GEOGRAPHIC boundaries; COLD War, 1945-1991

Add to folderCited References: (59) ==== Settlement location shapes the integration of forced migrants: Evidence from post-war Germany. Academic Journal

By: Braun, Sebastian T.; Dwenger, Nadja. Explorations in Economic History. Jul2020, Vol. 77, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p. Historical Period: ca 1945 to ca 1959. Abstract: Following one of the largest displacements in human history, almost eight million forced migrants arrived in West Germany after WWII. We study empirically how the settlement location of migrants affected their economic, social and political integration in West Germany. We first document large differences in integration outcomes across West German counties. We then show that high inflows of migrants and a large agrarian base hampered integration. Religious differences between migrants and natives had no effect on economic integration. Yet, they decreased intermarriage rates and strengthened anti-migrant parties. Based on our estimates, we simulate the regional distribution of migrants that maximizes their labor force participation. Intra-German migration in the 1950s brought the actual distribution closer to its optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101330. (AN: 144751274) Subjects: FORCED migration; WEST German history; INTERNATIONAL economic integration

Add to folder External Link Icon = The Western secret services, the East German Ministry of State Security and the building of the Berlin Wall. Academic Journal

By: Maddrell, Paul. Intelligence & National Security. Oct2006, Vol. 21 Issue 5, p829-847. 19p. Historical Period: 1945 to 1961. Abstract: The main reason for the closure of the East-West sectoral border in Berlin on 13 August 1961 and the ensuing construction of the Berlin Wall was to prevent refugees from fleeing the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and so keep the Communist state in being. However, new evidence shows that the border was also closed for security reasons, as the Communists claimed. The open border with the West in Berlin was the main cause of the GDR's intense security crisis in the 1950's, and its closure gave the state greater stability. The security advantages to the Communists of closing the border were so obvious that the Western secret services had long feared that they would do precisely this. In particular, the West's spy chiefs saw that Nikita Khrushchev's ultimatum of November 1958 over Berlin was in part designed to put an end to their operations. Although they did not see precisely what action would be taken, they expected some sort of measure to deprive them of their base in West Berlin; they saw also that the closure of the sectoral border was a distinct possibility. Far from being unanticipated, the security measure taken by the Communists in August 1961 was one of the most long-expected and carefully prepared events of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] DOI: 10.1080/02684520600957779. (AN: 22847898) Subjects: BERLIN (Germany); GERMANY (East). Ministerium fur Staatssicherheit; COMMUNIST strategy; NATIONAL security; BERLIN Wall, Berlin, Germany, 1961-1989; 20TH century history; POLITICAL stability; INTERNAL security; GOVERNMENT policy; GEOGRAPHIC boundaries; COLD War, 1945-1991

Add to folderCited References: (59) External Link Icon === Flucht und Zuwanderung aus der SBZ/DDR 1945/49-1961: Die Flüchtingspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Bau der Berliner Mauer. Book

Escape and immigration in the SBZ/DDR, 1945/49-61: refugee policy in the Federal Republic of Germany up to the construction of the Berlin Wall. By: Heidemeyer, Helge. Flucht und Zuwanderung aus der SBZ/DDR 1945/49-1961: Die Fluchtingspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Bau der Berliner Mauer. 1994, p1. 359p. Language: German. Historical Period: 1945 to 1961. (AN: 46131731) Subjects: GERMANY (East); GERMANY (West); IMMIGRATION policy; REFUGEES