User:RobAndGeezy/Neutrino Astronomy/Bibliography

Article on the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS). They are particularly interested in core collapse supernovae. Ninety-nine percent of the energy released will be in the form of neutrinos (this energy comes from the binding energy of the resulting neutron star). It takes seconds for the neutrinos to leave the supernova, but hours for the photons to leave. Since neutrinos travel at roughly the speed of light, these neutrinos could arrive before the light, providing a warning that we're about to see a supernova. SNEWS is a collection of detectors that seeks to detect these events. The system can respond within 5 minutes if there is coincidence among the detectors. The direction of the supernova can be obtained from detectors with directionality, or by timing when the different detectors saw the event. SNEWS will send the alert to experimenters and astronomers, including amateur astronomers, who will look for the supernova light. Members are Super-K, LVD, IceCube, and Borexino as of 2012 (need to find a more recent list).

Website for SNEWS with current members. The members are Super-K, LVD, IceCube, KamLAND, Borexino, Daya Bay, and HALO.

Article on how IceCube observed astrophysical neutrinos. At lower energies, our neutrino flux is dominated by products from the decays of hadrons produced by cosmic rays. However, at higher energies, these hadrons will interact before decaying. This means that high energies (tens to thousands of TeV) are expected to from astrophysical sources. This allows us to do direct astronomy with neutrinos.

Article about the IceCube detection of neutrinos spatially coincident with a blazar. The possibility of this just being a coincidence is disfavored at 3 sigma significance. This event is already listed in the article, so we'd have to give more detail about it. After the detection, gamma ray detectors were also able to detect the blazar in the region. Multiwavelength astronomy was able to view the blazar in EM radiation.

Article on how observed IceCube neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei can be explained by a specific model

Article discussing how IceCube neutrinos were used to perform tomography of the Earth. This study took 1 year of IceCube data from atmospheric neutrinos, and studied the attenuation near 1TeV. They were then able to determine the mass of the Earth, the mass of the core, the moment of inertia, and show that the core is denser than the mantle. All of these measurements have very large uncertainties, but with more data from IceCube and KM3NeT, stronger restrictions can be placed on these values, giving us non-gravitational data for the mass.

Article on the detection of Geo-neutrinos. The neutrinos were detected by Borexino. Geo-neutrinos from radioactive nuclei in the Earth could tell us the relative composition of these elements in the Earth, and could set bounds on the power output of this Geo-reactor.

Article on the spectra of pp neutrinos. The sun is powered by nuclear fusion in its core. The pp cycle fuses protons together into helium, and the CNO cycle obtains energy from the nuclear reactions of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Neutrinos are the only way to view the interior of the stellar core, and they can offer insights into the metallicity of the sun. There is discussion of how the detector works (note: check to see if the scintillators in the detector are for Cherenkov radiation, or something else). PEP (proton-electron-proton) interactions are shown to exist with 5 sigma significance, and the ratios of elements is also found.

Article on the detection of CNO neutrinos. CNO cycle is expected to be the primary energy source in stars similar to our sun, but 1.3 times as large. For our sun, it only accounts for about 1% of the total power output. CNO neutrinos often have backgrounds in form of pep neutrinos or Bismuth-210. The observation was mostly due to a small region where the signal-to-noise ratio was large.