User:Robbiemuffin/Devanagari vowels

Vowels
The vowels and their arrangement are:


 * Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasal anusvāra ं ' and the final fricative visarga ः ' (called अं ' and अः ). notes of the anusvāra in Sankrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic nasal consonant [...], a nasalized vowel, a nasalized semivowel, or all these according to context". The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative, in Sanskrit an allophone of , or less commonly , usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the breath: इः .  considers the visarga along with letters ङ ' and ञ  for the "largely predictable" velar and palatal nasals to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".
 * Another diacritic is the candrabindu/anunāsika ँ . describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the , "sometimes [...] used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the ' indicates vowel nasalization while the ' indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant: e.g. हँसी  "laughter", गंगा  "the Ganges". When an akshara has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot: हूँ  "am", but हैं  "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.
 * The avagraha ऽ (usually transliterated with an apostrophe) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a vowel in sandhi: एकोऽयम् ' (< ' + ') "this one". An original long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha: सदाऽऽत्मा ' (< ' + ') "always, the self". In Hindi, states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": आईऽऽऽ! '. In Magahi, which has "quite a number of verbal forms [that] end in that inherent vowel", the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बइठऽ ' "sit" versus *बइठ 
 * The syllabic consonants , , and ' are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the ' of other languages. The sound represented by  has also been lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from (Hindi) to  (Marathi).
 *  is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.
 * There are non-regular formations of रु ru and रू rū.