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Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa countries (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia) are located near the equator and are characterized by different equatorial climatic zones that define the livelihood activities. The major climatic risks in these regions include frequent droughts, delay in rainfall, heavy storms, strong winds and flooding. These severe weather events, have historically imposed heavy costs in Eastern Africa Countries.The livelihood options defined by climatic zones include agriculture; consisting of crop agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forestry. Various adaptation options have been identified from both scientific research and traditional knowledge that has been practiced by communities through the years. Following global compliance to UNFCCC, Eastern Africa countries have developed their own National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA). Many if not all of the countries in Eastern Africa have also developed mechanisms through national and regional strategies and policies for adaptation to climate change. Policies have been identified as important tools for integrating issues of climate change adaptation. For example, Kenya gazetted the Climate Change Act, 2016 which establishes an authority to oversee development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for sustainable development, by the National and County Governments, the private sector, civil society and other actors. Kenya has also developed the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2018-2022) which aims to further the country's development goals by providing mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon climate resilient development in a manner that prioritizes adaptation.

Tanzania has outlined priority adaptation measures in their NAPA, and various national sector strategies and research outputs. The NAPA has been successful at encouraging climate change mainstreaming into sector policies in Tanzania; however, the cross-sectoral collaboration crucial to implementing adaptation strategies remains limited due to institutional challenges such as power imbalances, budget constraints and an ingrained sectoral approach. Most of the projects in Tanzania concern agriculture and water resource management (irrigation, water saving, rainwater collection); however, energy and tourism also play an important role.

Rwanda has also developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA 2006) which contains information to guide national policy-makers and planners on priority vulnerabilities and adaptations in important economic sectors. The country has also developed sector based policies on adaptation to climate change such as the Vision 2020, The National Environmental Policy and The Agricultural Policy among others.

Adaptation measures help to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on various sectors: agriculture and food security, health, infrastructure, water, ecosystems, tourism. In Eastern Africa Adaptation to climate change options include:

Making better use of climate and weather data, weather forecasts, and other management tools, and expand the climate and weather data collection network. This adaptation option enables timely information and preparedness of people in the sectors such as agriculture that depend on weather outcomes. This means mastering hydro-meteorological information and early warning systems. It has been argued that the indigenous communities posses knowledge on historical climate changes through environmental signs (e.g. appearance and migration of certain birds, butterflies etc.), and thus promoting of indigenous knowledge has been considered an important adaptation strategy. The agricultural sector his known to contribute to anthropogenic impacts of climate change, and thus adaptation options include increased use of manure and crop-specific fertilizer, use of resistant varieties of crops and early maturing crops. Manure, and especially animal manure is thought to retain water and have essential microbes that breakdown nutrients making them available to plants, as compared to synthetic fertilizers that have compounds which when released to the environment due to over-use contribute to the green-house gases. One major vulnerability of the agriculture sector in Eastern Africa is the dependence on rain-fed agriculture. An adaptation solution is adoption of efficient irrigation mechanisms and and efficient water storage and use. Drip irrigation has especially been identified as a water efficient option as it directs the water to the root of the plant with minimal wastage. Countries like Rwanda and Kenya, have prioritized developing irrigated areas by gravity water systems from perennial streams and rivers in zones often vulnerable to prolonged droughts. During heavy rains, many areas experience flooding resulting from bare grounds due to deforestation and little land cover. Adaptation strategies proposed for this is promoting conservation efforts on land protection, by planting indigenous trees, protecting water catchment areas and managing grazing lands through zoning. For the livestock sector, which in most of these countries is in the Agriculture sector, adaptation options include managing production through sustainable land and pasture management in the ecosystems. This includes promoting hay and fodder production methods e.g. through irrigation and use of waste treated water, and focusing on investing in hay storage for use during  dry seasons. Keeping livestock is considered a livelihood rather than an economic activity. Throughout Eastern Africa Countries especially in the ASALs regions, it is argued that promoting commercialization of livestock, is an adaptation option. This involved adopting economic models in livestock feed production, animal traceability, promoting demand for livestock products such as meat, milk and leather and linking to niche markets to enhance businesses and provide disposable income. To commercialize the extensive livestock sector, there is thus need to involve programs that match animal species and breeds to appropriate environments,develop appropriate livestock marketing infrastructure (markets, finishing lots, holding grounds, abattoirs, etc) and link this to serve the growing rural and urban markets as well as to emerging export markets.

In the water sector, the adaptation options are both for efficient use of water for household, animals and industrial consumption and protection of water sources. Campaigns such as planting indigenous trees in water catchment areas, controlling human activities near catchment areas especially farming and settlement have been carried out to help protect water resources and avail access to water for communities especially during climatic shocks.