User:RockMagnetist/Drafts/Richard Peltier

William Richard Peltier, FRSC, (born 1943), is a university professor of physics at the University of Toronto. He is director of the Centre for Global Change Science, principal investigator of the Polar Climate Stability Network, and the Scientific Director of Canada's largest supercomputer centre, SciNet. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and of the American Geophysical Union.

His research interests include: atmospheric and oceanic waves and turbulence, geophysical fluid dynamics, physics of the planetary interior, and planetary climate.

He is notable for his involvement in global glacial reconstructions from the last glacial maximum to present. He has been a major (or the primary) contributor to the global reconstructions ICE-3G, ICE-4G, ICE-5G (VM2), and the upcoming ICE-6G (VM5) (in press). These models are important for the quantification of post-glacial rebound and late Pleistocene to Holocene variations in sea level.

Career
While pursuing a college education in physics, Peltier supported himself by working for a geological firm, staking mineral claims in the Northwest Territories. He later said that the high density of black flies drove him to be a theorist. After getting his undergraduate degree at the University of British Columbia, he went to the University of Toronto for his masters and Ph.D where he worked on the problem of mantle convection with Colin Hines as his graduate advisor.

After Peltier graduated in 1971, Hines arranged a postdoctoral fellowship for him at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. There he met W. E. (Bill) Farrell, who was working on the deformation of an elastic Earth due to the tidally varying pressure of the oceans. Farrell encouraged Peltier to work on a related problem, glacial isostatic adjustment.

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the response of the Earth to changing loads as glaciers advance and retreat. On time scales of hundreds of thousand of years, Earth's lithosphere behaves as if it is floating on the mantle, and given enough time it achieves a state of isostasy where denser material sinks and lighter material rises to balance the gravitational load. However, when a large load such as a glacier is added, it presses the lithosphere down; and when it melts away, the lithosphere rises, a phenomenon known as post-glacial rebound. After the most recent ice age, some parts of Canada and Scandinavia have rebounded by nearly 300 meters and are still rising (relative to sea level) at several millimeters per year. The rate of adjustment is slow because the Earth's mantle has a high viscosity. Peltier was already aware from his doctoral work that models of mantle convection required a good estimate of viscosity, and he realized that this could be obtained from an analysis of GIA. Modeling the Earth as a Maxwell solid, an incompressible material with both viscosity and elasticity, he showed that a correspondence principle could be used to reduce the viscoelastic problem to the simpler elastic problem.

During this period, Peltier also worked on the geophysical fluid dynamics of the atmosphere, studying internal waves in the jet stream and oceanic boundary currents. In a 1976 paper with Hines he proposed monitoring the ionosphere to detect tsunamis; thirty years later, when GPS systems became available, there was a resurgence of interest in this idea.

Aside from visiting appointments and sabbaticals, Peltier has spent his entire career at the University of Toronto (U of T). In 1977, he was granted tenure, in 1979 he became a full professor, and in 1993 he was appointed University Professor. This is the highest academic title at U of T, held by at most 2 percent of tenured faculty. He has had sabbaticals at the University of Cambridge, the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, and the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

Honours and awards

 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 1986
 * In 1991, awarded the Patterson Medal by the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society for distinguished service to meteorology.
 * Distinguished Lecturer of the Canadian Geophysical Union, 1999–2000
 * Elected as Foreign Member to Fellowship in the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, 2004
 * Bancroft Award of the Royal Society of Canada, 2004
 * J. Tuzo Wilson Medal of the Canadian Geophysical Union, 2004
 * Vetlesen Prize, 2004
 * Leiv Erikson Fellow, Norwegian Research Council, Bjerknes Institute for Climate Research, Univ. of Bergen, 2006
 * Miroslaw Romanowski Medal of the Royal Society of Canada, 2006
 * honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Waterloo, 2007
 * Milutin Milankovic Medal of the European Geosciences Union, 2008
 * Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Physics, Canadian Association of Physicists, 2009
 * Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science of The Franklin Institute, 2010
 * Charles A. Whitten Medal, American Geophysical Union, 2010
 * Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, 2011
 * Izaak-Walton-Killam Award, Canada Council for the Arts, 2013

Publications
Peltier has published over 280 peer-reviewed papers for a total of over 32,000 citations and an h-index of 87. In 2001, Science Watch analyzed citation data from Essential Science Indicators and found that Peltier was the fifth most cited researcher in the geosciences for 1991 to 2001. Some of his papers are: