User:Rod57/sandbox

User:Rod57/sandbox

todo
autonomously guided parafoil system ? or some other parent for Talk:Joint Precision Airdrop System & Onyx ? re reverted Onyx(disamb)

∆v

create Oncotripsy wiktionary 2015, & eg

Add More for to show eg in See also

older
User:Rod57/sandbox/JB

User:Rod57/sandbox/Cochrane-access

User:Rod57/sandbox/HST instrument graphic

ferropnictide currently redirects to iron-based superconductor

File (image) test

C3H5O3 a small SIA page for molecules. See Set_index_articles use

http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys598sc/fall08/SC2L13.pdf [http://yclept.physics.ucdavis.edu/Publ/NewsViews.pdf Timing is critical. Feb 2009. Nature Physics]

hydrid nuclear compare with fission-fusion and fusion-fission and Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid

List_of_Wikipedians_by_article_count

Study hyphen/dash rules eg Talk:Allan_variance

Switendick criterion
Minimum hydrogen spacing in hydrides. Could mention in hydride ? -
 * ref Switendick criterion for stable hydrides
 * ref

Spacecraft designed for extreme conditions
Make sortable table inc year (all are designed for cold and vacuum)
 * MESSENGER, Mercury orbiter, high temperature - add thermal design from SA
 * Venus landers, High temp and pressure - Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus
 * Venera 5, Venera 6, Venera 7, Venus atmosphere
 * Venera 8, Venera 9, Venera 10, Venera 13, Venera 14, Venus landers - H-temp & pressure
 * Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
 * Galileo (spacecraft) Jupiter orbiter, high radiation
 * Juno_(spacecraft) Jupiter orbiter, high radiation (1cm Ti radiation vault) (not as bad as Galileo)
 * Galileo probe, Atmosphere probe, High G, temp, pressure
 * Parker Solar Probe - some parts high temp - eg some niobium wiring
 * Europes Solar Orbiter

=High temperature electronics=

(Clarify analog (eg rf amps RX/TX), power switching or digital logic)

Semiconductor electronics can fail at high temperatures. Standard silicon based devices are often rated to run at up to 85°C.

Bulk silicon devices can be designed to operate (derated) to about 150°C.

Silicon on insulator can be made to operate at 225°C or 250°C up to about 300°C (depending on the acceptable failure rate).

Silicon carbide devices can operate at up to 500°C (perhaps 600°C in theory).

Junction temperatures will be higher than packaging case temperatures.

Applications
(are device specs (below) quoting case temps or junction temps ?)
 * Automotive: up to 125°C
 * Military: up to 125°C
 * Aerospace:
 * Well drilling: Down hole devices may be exposed to 250°C.

Low orbits of Mercury are challenging as well eg to MESSENGER. Mercury has a maximum surface temperature of 420 C.
 * Spacecraft: The hottest environment that has been attempted is the surface of Venus, (mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F ), by the Russian landers: The Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes at 457 °C (855 °F). Venera 14 survived 57 minutes at a temperature of 465 °C (869 °F). The coolest place on Venus is the highest point, Maxwell Montes, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C).

Materials and technology
Wide-bandgap semiconductor materials can operate (electronically) at higher temperatures,

Gallium nitride transistors can operate effectively up to ~400°C (~400°C )
 * experiments from 2004 : GaN HFET digital circuit technology - just SSI, eg 217 transistors, 31 stage ring oscillator, gates ~ 3x4 μm, gate delays increase at higher temps.
 * Maybe up to 1000°C Faster, smaller and more economical gallium nitride transistors says "Gallium nitride transistors, on the other hand, can withstand temperatures of up to 1000°C"

Gallium Arsenide GaAs can operate to ~175°C

Silicon transistors (~150°C )

See List_of_semiconductor_materials

Although diamond can be used to make FETs; in air it starts to convert to graphite at ~700°C

Diamond based electronics (when developed) may be usable above 400°C.

Non-semiconductor components
alnico usable permanent magnets to 538°C (or more : curie point up to 800°C )
 * Resistors:
 * Capacitors: NPO and COG capacitors to 500°C
 * Magnetics: to ~ 400°C
 * Substrates: epoxy laminates ... ceramic?,
 * Solders:
 * Valves:
 * sensors: digital camera CCD or orthicon tube ?
 * wiring: Parker Solar Probe used niobium [alloy?] (mp=2480°C) for some HT wiring
 * flexible insulation:

Devaluation[s] of sterling

 * 1931
 * 1947 loan in $
 * 1949
 * 1967 Wilson down to 17s6d $2.40, IMF-loan in $?
 * 1985 ? before UK/Lawson started to shadow Mark (2.9 DM - 3.0 DM) ?
 * 1989 -20%
 * joined ERM Oct 1990 at 2.95DM +-6% floor = 2.77 left 16 Sept 1992 after spending £6Bn
 * ( Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002 "Brown's bottom" )

For pre 1968 See external link in London Gold Pool :
 * HL Deb 21 November 1967 vol 286 cc904-1036, House of Commons Lords Sitting on the devaluation of the Sterling

Comparision with Kepler
( add to Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite ) table : Nr of stars to be monitored % of full sky Duration of mission Duration of orbits detectable

Civil engineering project fatalities

 * Great Wall of China
 * older, Qin sections, Ming sections ...
 * Suez canal "thousands"wp
 * Great Bitter lake to Nile canal ~1880 BC "100,000"(Wonders of the World)
 * cathederals...
 * Taj Mahal wp-
 * Panama canal French phase:"over 20,000", US phase:"almost 6000"(Wonders of the World)
 * Eiffel Tower 1 (Wonders of the World)
 * tunnels
 * Brooklyn bridge wp-
 * Golden Gate Bridge 11 (19 others saved by netting) (Wonders of the World)
 * Hoover Dam 112 +42"pneumonia"/?CO poisoning?
 * Itaipu Dam wp-
 * Forth rail bridge 73

cf deaths on voyages of discovery
 * Cook-1/2/3
 * Magellan
 * Drake ?

oldest functioning ... : power stations/planes ...
 * Hoover Dam 1936
 * Super Guppy ~1965
 * bridge ? Pont du Gard ~50 AD
 * Steam locomotive ?
 * artificial satellite

Flyback F-1

 * 1) redirectSpace Shuttle design process

says "The Flyback F-1 (fig. 6-8) is a winged, recoverable derivative of the Saturn V first stage. It was studied extensively in 1971 and Boeing proposed it for use as the first stage of the shuttle. Its development was estimated to cost $5 billion and to require a 7-yr lead time. It would replace the solid motors as the first stage of the HLLV. The propellants are mainly kerosene and oxygen."

To do : Find more RS, then (maybe) convert this to stub with more RS, Mention in target SSDP? Saturn, F-1?

Drug salts

 * mesilate = mesylate
 * tosylate
 * besilate = besylate