User:Rodinianfire/Chamosite

'CHAMOSITE'

Chamosite is the Fe2+end member of the chlorite group. A hydrous aluminum silicate of iron, which is produced in an environment of low to moderate grade of metamorphosed iron deposits, as gray or black crystals in oolitic iron ore. Like other chlorites, it is a product of the hydrothermal alteration of pyroxenes, amphiboles and biotite in igneous rock. The composition of chlorite is often related to that of the original igneous mineral so that more fe-rich chlorites are commonly found as replacements of the fe-rich ferromagnesian minerals (Deer et al.,1992).

HISTORY
In 1820, Pierre Bertier; a mineralogist and mining engineer from Nemours, France, discovered Chamosite. The new mineral was found in an area of low to moderate grade metamorphosed iron deposit. Early chamosite (which are chlorites) stirred some controversy after they discovered to have possessed the structure of kaolin rather than chlorite. But further research proved that Chamosite was largely in existence with another phyllosilicate called Berthierine (which has a kaolin type structure) which was rather difficult to distinguish from Chamosites. Chamosite is named after the municipality of Chamoson, the canton of Riddes Vallis Switzerland.

STRUCTURE
X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the proportion of 7 Å B layers in Bertherine-Chamosite ranges from 5 to 28%, and chemical analysis by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) indicates positive correlation between %B and Fe/(Fe + Mg) (Ryan and Hillier, 2002).The chamosite structure is very similar to typical chlorite in which they are alternated regular layers with tetrahedral and tri-octahedral components .(M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al. 2006). Its 2:1 layer structure is similar to that of mica, with a basal spacing of 14 Å. (M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al. 2006). In most common chlorites, there are 12.0 octahedral cations per O20(OH)16 and approximately equivalent amounts of aluminum in tetrahedral and octahedral sites [e.g the magnesia chlorite, clinochlore, (Mg10Al2)(Si6Al2O20)(OH)16] (Deer et al.1992).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Chamosite has a laminar shape, sheets measure from 20 to 200 μm (M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al. 2006). Chamosite may be greenish gray or brown in color. The cleavage are length-slow, the orientation may be α ∧ c=small, β=b, γ ∧ α=small, optic plane= [0 10] (Heinrich, 1965) and has good cleavage on the {011} axis. It has a dull luster and grayish green streak. Birefringence is much lower than that of the micas, illites, montmorillonites and vermiculite, and refractive indices are higher than those of kaolinite (Deer et.al 1992). The chamosite spectra shows the reflection d=7.18 Å (main value of the chlorite) and the reflection d=14.4 Å (that confirms the presence of chlorite) (M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al. 2006).

GEOLOGICAL OCCURENCE
Chamosite is a relatively less abundant mineral in nature. Since its discovery in Chamoson, Only about 15 localities around the world are known to be associated with iron deposits. Chamosite may be found in occurrence with other chlorite minerals. In recent years, Berthierine; a more abundant chlorite, was discovered in occurrence with chamosite in the iron deposit of Pena Colorada, Mexico. Chamosite is related to the beginning of a hydrothermal phase and occurs mainly in a mineralized breccia type stock-work in which it fills open spaces and replaces the hot rock through fissures (M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al. 2006). The Mamu-Nkporo formation in the locality of Okigwe, Nigeria was studied by Akande and Mucke (1993), and they concluded that the carbonate discovered with associated chamosite was formed in a shallow marine subtidal to intertidal environment developed during periods of rise and fall in sea level. Formation of chamosite bearing oolites record periods of increasing wave energy corresponding to storm conditions between quiet shallow marine sedimentation,(Akande and Mucke, 1993). Chamosite is a mineral from which elements may be extracted for commercial purpose. Yunnan Province has one of the highest lung cancer mortality rates in China (Dai, S. et al.,2008). This epidemic had long been blamed on hydrocarbons released from the burning of coal. Dai, S. et al. (2008) conducted a mineralogical and geochemical study of this region, and discovered that the major culprit for this epidemic was my beloved chamosite.

REFERENCE
Akande S.O., and Mucke A. (1993). Depositional environment and diagnosis of carbonates at the Mamu-Nkporo formation,   Anambra basin, Southern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 17, 445-456. Dai, S., and Chou, C.L. (2007) Occurrence and origin of minerals in a chamosite-bearing coal of Late Permian age, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China. American mineralogist 92, 1253-1261.

G. W Brindley and R.F Youell (1953) Ferrous chamosite and ferric chamosite. The Mineralogical Society 30, 57-70.

Heinrich, E. W., 1965 Microscopic Identification of Minerals, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Saccocia, P.J., and Seyfried, W.E. (1993). A resolution of discrepant thermodynamic properties For chamosite retrieved from experimental and empirical techniques. American Mineralogist 78, 607-611.

Iijima A., and Matsumoto R. (1982). Berthierine and Chamosite in coal measures of Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 264-274

R.F Youell (1955). Mineralogy and Crystal structure of chamosite. Nature 176, 560-561.

W.A. Deer, R.A Howie and Zussman (1992). An introduction to the rock forming minerals. Prentice Hall N.Y

M.F. Delaloye and G.S Odin(1988). Chamosite, the green marine clay from Chamoson; A study of Swiss oolitic ironstones.

M.L. Rivas Sanchez et al(2006). Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: Genatic guides in the    Peña Colorada magnetite-ore bearing deposit. Earth Planets Space, 58, 1389-1400

P.C. Ryan and S. Hillier (2002).Berthierine / Chamosite and discrete chlorite from evolved Verdine and evaporate-associated facies in the Jurassic sundance formation, Wyoming. American Mineralogist, 87, 1607-1615.