User:Rodriguezmonicaneri/sandbox

Article Evaluation
-       '''Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?'''

I read a wiki entry on Thurgood Marshall and although it was extensive and detailed I did not find anything that seemed as a distraction. I especially liked that they had a timeline detailing important events in his life. So, no there wasn’t anything that was distracting.

-       '''Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?'''

Yes, the article is neutral, and I did not percieve any bias. It discusses facts without a bias and it includes events that are in history books. There aren’t any words that would sway the perception of the reader for him.

-       Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

No, there aren’t any viewpoints that are overrepresented. However, the article seems a lot like a history book. As mentioned before many of the events listed in the timeline are listed in history books. These history books don’t have a political bias and tend to be neutral.

-       '''Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?'''

Yes, the links work. I checked three links and all the links were updated and they were proper sources according to Wiki.

-       '''Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?'''

As mentioned before all the sources are appropriate and reliable. They are historical sources and they are neutral because it takes more of a historical approach rather than another approach. I didn’t notice a political bias to the content or sources.

-       '''Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?'''

That I could tell no none of the information seemed to be out of date. Many of the notes listed were a combination of journals that were within the past 10 years and it featured many readings from the supreme court.

-       '''Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?'''

Many of the conversations were about details about his life. Such as the date and location of his death and about his sons. The conversations seemed to be respectable and just as the article they seemed to be historical.

-       '''How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?'''

The article was not a part of any wikiprojects that I was aware of.

-       How does the way Wikipedia discuss this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

We haven’t really discussed Thurgood Marshall, but we have spoken about the civil rights movement and I feel there is a more emotional connection to the topic in class than in the article. I believe that because the article is very historical and is devoid of any bias or emotional topics.

Racism
See racism

Skin Bleaching in Jamaica
Skin bleaching in Jamaica is considered a direct result of colorism and its affect on communities of color. Professor Carolyn Cooper at the University of the West Indies focuses on literary and cultural studies and has stated that skin bleaching is just one of many remnants of colonialism in Jamaica ^. Skin bleaching is just one of the many tools that promotes colorism. Within the article Don't Hate Me 'Cause I'm Pretty: Race, Gender and The Bleached Body in Jamaica Professor Cooper has determined that in order for skin bleaching to be acknowledged as a problem colorism has to be acknowledged. Skin bleaching is seen as a trend in popular culture and because of that individuals attempt to normalize it. Researcher Christopher Charles has analyzed participants in a study in which he was able to determine that skin bleaching was aim towards fashion and trend setting instead of racial self-hate.^ However, many have argued that it is popular culture that has been influenced by European aesthetics thus it is a form of post-colonialism.^ Evelyn Glenn-Nakano mentions how a lighter tone of skin, allows individuals the opportunity to ascend within the social hierarchy colorism has constructed(57).^ Trends are decided by societal factors and it is cause for alarm when a trend begins to change ones skin tone. These social dogmas are utilized as markers to determining worth(61).^

^Don't Hate Me 'Cause I'm Pretty: Race, Gender and The Bleached Body in Jamaica

Colorism in African-American Culture
The concept of multiculturalism is to have a multiplicity of cultures within one society. The United States is promoted as a nation composed of multiple cultures. Yet, this  African-Americans in the United States have been led to believe that colorism is a part of their culture. However, it originates from Eurasian colonizer’s belief in anti-blackness^ (Azibo 90). The multiculturalism present in the United States is non-existent because most African-Americans do not know their African culture^ (Azibo 91). The concept of multiculturalism is based on Eurasian colonist beliefs and influenced by colorism. According to Daudi Ajani ya Azibo, Colorism can be seen as a mental disorder in individuals because once it is fixed into a mentality it dictates the way in which individuals regard culture(92)^. Azibo claims colorism is a psychological misorientation disorder because it utilizes a systematic way of destroying African cultural beliefs(93)^. According to Azibo, colorism in African-American Culture is rooted in the mulatto hypothesis. In general the mulatto hypothesis theorizes that the more White ancestry an individual has the more social worth they can attain (94)^. This belief has created a paradigm within the African-American community.

. ^Teaching the Mulatto Hypothesis to Combat African-U.S. Colorism: Just Knowing Can

Cure http://www.jstor.org/stable/43496986

Colorism in today's societies
Colorism is seen through a variety of ways in today’s society. One of the main ways in which it is seen is in education. Acts such as the No Child Left Behind and the Every Student Succeeds Act are federal laws that require data to be desegregated on the basis of race (5). The most affected by these policies are Black students because they don’t curtail the racial inequality in regard to discipline (5). Discipline is regarded with a colorblind lense and creates more problems for students facing racial inequality within the education system. According to statistics provided by the National Educational Statistics from the years 2009-2010 in the United States the drop out rate between White, American Indian/Alaska Native, Black and Latinx students varied between White and communities of color. White students was 2.3%, in comparison to American Indian/Alaska Native which was 5.5%, Black and Latinx both had 5% drop out rates (7)^. In Wilder and Cain's findings they concluded that although colorism is not a term widely used that there is an acknowledgment of interracial discrimination. Wilder and Cain also found that Black women were the most affected by this concept of colorism(15)^.

^Black Female Adolescents and Racism in Schools: Experiences in a Colorblind Society

http://www.jstor.org/stable/44077596

Colorism within Anthropology
Anthropology has viewed African culture in a narrowed lens. This has allowed for a generalization of African culture (105)^. For example, Hurston and Herskovits both mention how African culture has been utilized to describe Haitian culture (105)^. When in reality they are not entirely the same. Hurston and Herskovits also mention how African-Americans have adapted and incorporated "white" cultural norms into their culture (105)^. Articles such as The American Negro: A Study of Racial Crossin (1928) and The Anthropometry (1930) have created an ideology in which African-Americans are not seen as a race biologically speaking but united through culture (106)^.

Chapter Title: Modernism, Anthropology, Africanism and the Self: Hurston and

Herskovits on/in Haiti

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt3fgsmp.9

Current Events
American Indians, Alaska Natives, East Asian Indians, and Pacific Islanders were notably absent in existing studies, with the exception of their nominal mention in research on inter- racial marriages (Fu), studies of ethnic and racial identities (Trimble et al., 2003), and in the empirical work on racial misclassification (Campbell & Troyer, 2007