User:Rosser1954/Sandbox7c

The Defynnog Yew or in welsh, the Yewen Defynnog (SN9253027960) is one of a group of ancient yews (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of St Cynog church, that serves the parish and the village of Defynnog, community of Maescar, historic county of Brecknockshire, now within the unitary authority area of Powys, Wales. Defynnog is located close to Sennybridge, circa ten miles west of Brecon within the Brecon Beacons National Park.

The Defynnog Yews
This group of four ancient yews lies within the churchyard, the oldest aged by one assessment at 3018 years. It grows from a mound measuring 8m across and 1m high and forms nine distinct stems that grow from a base which has an overall circumference of 11m, or 36 feet. The second yew growing on the north side of the church lies 5m to its west. Although shown to be genetically identical, such a distance makes it highly unlikely that they are fragments of what was once a single tree. The second yew has possibly layered from a pendulous branch (see video) of the larger one; yews quite often layer from branches which are able to touch the ground and then develop roots. An Iron Age date is suggested from the available dendrochronology and growth rate studies indicating that the yews are more probably around 2,500 years.

In 2005 a single male branch was found to be growing on the largest of the two female trees. Yew trees are usually only a single sex, that is dioecious, requiring two trees of different sex to interact to produce seed, however it is not uncommon for trees to be both sexes monoecious. A small area of the smaller tree has a growth of albino white leaves. Both trees have unusually extensive Epicormic shoot growth coating the trunks in green leaves, a provcess that usually only occurs after physical damage to the bark or increased light levels.

As stated, the two trees lying to the north of the church are a genetically identical pair. This is not thought to be because of fragmentation with the section between rotting away, layering is a definate possibility, and a lightning strike causing the tree to split into two is a very remote possibility. Pendulous yews with long horizontal branches that eventually touch the groud and root are well documented such as the Craigends Yew in Scotland. The two yews on the south side of the church are not genetically identical to those on the north side.

History
This yew tree or trees stands in the churchyard of St. Cynog's Church in Defynnog village. It is very hard to accurately determine the age of yew trees and a nearby cafe and gift shop holds a certificate from the Yew Tree Campaign in 2002, signed by David Bellamy, which states that "according to all the data we have to hand" the tree is dated to aproximately 5,000 years old. David Bellamy used the same methods as he did when establishing the age of the Tisbury Yew in Wiltshire, including radiocarbon dating.

This cerificate makes the Defynnog Yew potentially even older than Scotland's well known Fortingall Yew. An investigation into its age does not support this view. It is considered more likely that the two yew trees are in the order of two three thousand years old. Wales has 407 ancient or veteran yews that are more than 500 years old, whilst England has 978. France has 77 while Germany and Spain have just four each.

The local church, dedicated to Saint Cynog is mainly Norman in date, however the porch houses an ancient stone with latin and ogham inscriptions and is a grade I listed building. The Defynnog Yew predates the church and may have been planted to mark a meeting place or a place of burial as suggested by the above mentioned burial stone. Cynog is thought to have been the son of St. Brychan, a Welsh prince of the British Dark Ages.

Graves have been dug between the two yew trees and the tewo trees have been each surrounded at some date by low decorative stone walling.

Yews are native to Wales and being extremely poisonous to stock and humans many have been dug up or planted within stock proof enclosures such as churchyards where they commonly occur. The yew's wood is traditionally used to make longbows and the generic name 'Taxus' refers to the wood's connection to the sport of archery, namely toxophily.

References and further reading

 * Fry, JanisThe Defynnog Yew. The Oldest Tree in Wales and Perhaps Europe
 * Harte, J. (1996).How old is that old yew? At the Edge 4: 1–9. Available online.
 * Kinmonth, F. (2006). "Ageing the yew – no core, no curve?" International Dendrology Society Yearbook 2005: 41–46.
 * Kinmonth, F. (2006). "Ageing the yew – no core, no curve?" International Dendrology Society Yearbook 2005: 41–46.