User:Rovalle234/Violence against women in Mexico/Bibliography

Origin of Machismo & Marianismo

 * Buchanan, Kathryn A., "Constructing Marianismo in Colonial Mexico" (2016). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1951
 * This thesis is published by the University of Tennessee Knoxville, which is revised by a committee of scholars before being released to the public. Therefore, it should be a reliable source. It covers information regarding the origins of machismo and marianismo in Mexico.
 * *Hamington, Maurice (1995). Hail Mary? : The Struggle for Ultimate Womanhood in Catholicism. Routledge. p. 16-17. ISBN 978-1-315-02203-1 . OCLC 880452384.
 * This is a book published by Routledge, a publisher of academic books, therefore it should be a reliable source. The source provides information on marianismo, specifically the list of gender norms that indigenous women were required to follow after the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan.
 * *Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005). Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600. University of New Mexico Press. p. 15-66. ISBN 978-0-8263-3519-7 . OCLC 1273002131.
 * This book is published by a university press therefore it is reliable. The academic resource compares the lives of Aztec women before and after the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan. This information is useful in showing the effects of marianismo and machismo.
 * *Socolow, S. (2015). The Women of Colonial Latin America (2nd ed., New Approaches to the Americas). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139031189
 * This book is published by a university press therefore it is a reliable source. The book confirms that the Spanish altered gender norms in Latin America.
 * *Mirande, Alfredo (May 2, 1997). HOMBRES Y MACHOS : masculinity and latino culture. ROUTLEDGE. p. 36. ISBN 9780813331973 . OCLC 1114571276.
 * This book is published by Routledge, a publisher of academic books, therefore it should be a reliable source. This resource provides readers an alternative origin of machismo culture. The author explains how indigenous men adopted an aggressive attitude towards women in response to feeling inferior to Spanish conquistadors.

Maquiladoras & NAFTA

 * *Pantaleo, Katherine (2010-11-13). "Gendered Violence: An Analysis of the Maquiladora Murders". International Criminal Justice Review. 20 (4): 349–365. doi:10.1177/1057567710380914. ISSN 1057-5677.
 * This academic article is published by Sage Journal, which is peer reviewed. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is a reliable source. The article provides information regarding the cause and effect relationship between maquiladoras and femicides in Juarez, Mexico.
 * "The History of NAFTA and Its Purpose". The Balance. Retrieved 2022-10-16
 * This website requires for all of its content to go through a two-step verification process, it is reviewed and then fact checked. Therefore it should be a reliable source. This source provided me information regarding the creation/purpose of NAFTA.
 * COHA (2009-08-03). "Femicides of Juárez: Violence Against Women in Mexico". COHA. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
 * The Council on Hemispheric Affairs is a non profit focused on spreading factual information on Latin American-US relations. Before writings are published, they fact check all the information that is provided, therefore it should be reliable source. The website specifies a list of industries that established maquiladoras in Mexico as well as the weekly pay employees received. This information was useful in depicting the labor conditions of maquiladoras.
 * *Hoffman, Anya; Kamel, Rachel (1999). The Maquiladora Reader Cross-Border Organizing since NAFTA. American Friends Service Committee. ISBN 0-910082-35-9 . OCLC 930805772.
 * The book is published by American Friends Service Committee, which is dedicated to social justice around the world. The book was reviewed, therefore it should be a reliable source. The book clarified the purpose of maquiladoras, as they helped industries take advantage of cheap labor, which are the women of Juarez.
 * Nieves, Evelyn. "To Work and Die in Juarez". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-10-16
 * Mother Jones, is a social justice oriented news magazine site, dedicated to posting accurate stories. All the information provided in writings is cited, therefore it should be a reliable source. The website provides the percentage of maquiladoras that are US owned and the percent of women that are employed. This information is useful in providing context of the maquiladora industry.
 * Moore, Molly (2000-06-25). "Young Women Follow Journeys of Hope To Factories--and Then, to Violence". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-10-16
 * The Washington Post is a primary source, reporting news and interviews on the daily. Since the news outlet is well established, and contains a verification process it should be a reliable source. The website provides the number of jobs NAFTA provided in Mexico as well as the portion that were located in Juarez. This helps put into perspective the heavy presence of maquiladoras in this border city.
 * *Arriola, Elvia (2011-05-20). "Accountability for murder in the maquiladoras". Women on the Border. Retrieved 2022-10-16
 * This article is published by the Seattle Journal for Social Justice, which is a peer reviewed law journal. Therefore, it should be a reliable source. The source provides reasons as to why maquiladoras preferred to hire women compared to men. Maquiladoras were attracted to women due to their physical and behavioral characteristics. This information provides additional support as to why there was a high concentration of women in Juarez.
 * *Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2000). "Voices Without Echo: The Global Gendered Apartheid". Emergences: Journal for the Study of Media & Composite Cultures. 10 (1): 137–155. doi:10.1080/713665778. ISSN 1045-7224.
 * This article is published by the Journal for the Study of Media & Composite Culture, therefore it should be a reliable source. The source provides details on how the Mexican police responded to the initial killings of maquiladora women in Juarez. From this information readers will know how femicide cases were treated by authorities at the beginning of this phenomenon.
 * "Juarez, Mexico - Murder Capital of the World". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
 * CBS news is a primary source, focused on sharing daily news. It has received a "high factual reporting rating" by The Factual, therefore it should be a reliable source. When femicides reached a peak in Juarez, the city was referred to as "the Murder capital of the world", which I added to the article to convey to readers the gravity of the issue.
 * *Rodriguez, Teresa (2008). The daughters of Juárez : a true story of serial murder south of the border. Atria Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7432-9204-7 . OCLC 1023056514.
 * This book is published by Atria Books, a division within the Simon & Schuster publishing company. Therefore, it should be a reliable source. From the resource, I obtained a femicide related quote from activist, Esther Chavez Cano, which I input into the article. This quote conveys the vulnerability women face in Juarez.
 * *Livingston, Jessica (2004). "Murder in Juarez: Gender, Sexual Violence, and the Global Assembly Line". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. University of Nebraska Press. 25 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1353/fro.2004.0034. ISSN 1536-0334.
 * This academic article is published by a university press, therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provides details on what attracts women to work at maquiladoras as well as the invasive practices employers perform on them. This further informs readers about the working conditions women endure, and why there was a concentration of them in Juarez.
 * Nathan, D. (1997, January 13). Death comes to the maquilas: a border story. The Nation, 264(2), 18+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19011117/AONE?u=txshracd2542&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=c4f25eff
 * The article was published by The Nation, a weekly journal publishing company. It is a primary source, as it contains news updates and interviews, therefore it should be a reliable source. I extracted the interview the author, Nathan, had with sociologist Leslie Salzinger who was able to speak on behalf of women who continue to work at maquiladoras. This information gives readers insight as to why women continue working in the dangerous environment.
 * Paul de la Garza, "Series of Slayings Baffles City on Mexican Border" (Morales murder), Arizona Republic, November 27, 1998, in LexisNexi
 * This article was published by the Arizona Republic newspaper. It is a primary source, recounting interviews and news, therefore it should be a reliable source. This news paper article provides information on how police officers referred to murdered women as "prostitutes". Such information, gives readers insight into the reactions of the incidents.
 * Curry, Grace Ronan. (2013). Cruces Rosas: The Femicide in Ciudad Juárez (Bachelor's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA).
 * This thesis is published by the University of Arizona, which is revised by a group of scholars before being released to the public. Therefore it should be a reliable resource. I obtained a quote from Chihuahuas State Public Prosecutor, in which he shared his opinions on the femicide cases. This showed his lack of concern on the issue.

Discrepancies in Femicide Data

 * *McGinnis, Teagan; Ferreira, Octavio; Shirk, David (2022-07-11). "Analyzing the Problem of Femicide in Mexico". JUSTICE IN MEXICO. Mexico Center & The Wilson Center. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This article was published by the Mexico and Wilson Center. Both are reputable and trusted resources, therefore this article should be a reliable source. The authors main purpose was to research why femicide rates increased after 2015. They also provided a key fact that Mexico had officially created a crime category for femicides in 2012, to help collect more accurate data. This was related to the sub heading subject.
 * "Exploring the Legal Context of Femicide in Mexico". JUSTICE IN MEXICO. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is dedicated to reporting accurate research regarding Mexican politics. The data they provide is usually from Mexicos national databases, therefore it should be a reliable source. This source provided data regarding 2019 femicide rates, which was useful in introducing the topic of discrepancies.
 * Secretario Ejecutivo Del Sistema Nacional De Seguridad Publica (30 de abril de 2020). "Información Sobre Violencia Contra Las Mujeres: Incidencia Delictiva y Llamadas de Emergencia 9-1-1" &#x5B;Violence Against Women Information: Criminal Incidences and Emergency Calls to 9-1-1&#x5D;. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
 * This government report is from Mexicos Secretary General of National Public Security. This is a primary source, therefore it should be reliable since it is a government report. From this report I obtained the 139% increase in femicide cases from 2015 to 2019. This information makes readers aware of the gravity of femicides in present day.
 * "Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. July 17, 2012. Retrieved Oct 20, 2022.
 * This informational report is a primary source, published by a reputable human rights organizations, therefore it should be a reliable source. The source provided the list of Mexican states that adopted femicide into their penal code, which was useful in specifying.
 * "How one woman is mapping femicides in Mexico". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website has been rated as a reliable source due to its proper citations and facts. The source provided information about Maria Salgero, a woman who is attempting to close the data gaps in femicide reporting. This information is useful in showing readers that others are working towards solving the discrepancy issue in femicide data.
 * *Ensalaco, Mark (2006). "Murder in Ciudad Juárez: A Parable of Women's Struggle for Human Rights". Sage Journals. 12 (5): 417–440.
 * This article is published by Sage Journals which is an academic publisher. Therefore, this should be a reliable source. From this article I obtained the name of an organization "Casa Amiga", that has dedicated itself in reporting femicide cases at the border since the start of the crisis in 1993. This information worked well with the description of Maria Salgero.

COVID-19 Effects on Violence Against Women

 * *Alfaro, M. J. V., & José, M. (2020). Feminist solidarity networks have multiplied since the COVID-19 outbreak in Mexico. Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements, 12(6).
 * This article is published by Interface, an academic journal covering social movements, therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provides information on the effects COVID-19 had on domestic violence and femicides. This was useful in introducing the topic.
 * *Manrique De Lara, A., De Jesús Medina Arellano, M. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Ethics in Mexico Through a Gender Lens. Bioethical Inquiry 17, 613–617 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10029-4
 * This article is published by the Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, a peer reviewed academic journal, therefore this resource should be reliable. From this source I obtained the percentage increase in femicides after the pandemic lockdown. This information supported the subject of the section.
 * Gallón, Natalie (2020-06-05). "Women are being killed in Mexico at record rates, but the president says most emergency calls are 'false'". CNN. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is a primary source, focused on spreading daily news and interviews, therefore it should be a reliable source. The CNN article provided the total number of femicides in April after the COVID lockdown, and for the first four months of 2020. In addition, the article provided the publics reaction to a Mexican commercial that attempted to decrease the high rates of domestic violence. Readers are then made aware of solutions that the Mexican government tried to implement.
 * "Pandemic of Violence: Protecting Women during COVID-19 - Mexico | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is dedicated to providing updates on international human crises's and is apart of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Since it is apart of the UN it should be a reliable source. The source provided the number of women that died because of COVID, to demonstrate femicide cases were higher during this time period.
 * "Femicides rise in Mexico as president cuts budgets of women's shelters". the Guardian. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is a primary source, reporting daily news and interviews. It has been rated as factual, therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provided the percentage increase in women and children that stayed at domestic violence shelters during COVID. This information also supported the main idea of this section.
 * Huerta, Carolina Mayen (2020-08-21). "COVID-19 and Mexico's domestic violence crisis". Pursuit-University of Melbourne. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * The website is a primary source, reporting daily news and interviews. It additionally publishes information with the help of scholars from the University of Melbourne, to provide reliable reports. Therefore, this should be a reliable source. From the article I obtained a quote from UN's secretary general expressing his concern over the stay at home orders endangering women. This is helpful in showing readers how there was initial concern at the beginning of the pandemic.
 * Murray, Christine (January 25, 2021). "Reports of violence against women in Mexico spike during pandemic". Thomas Reuters Foundation News. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is a primary source, and is dedicated to spreading fact based work therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provided the number of domestic violence reports made to Mexican officials from 2019-2020. This information also supported the purpose of the section.
 * "COVID-19 in Mexico: domestic violence calls 2020". Statista. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is a primary source, providing data sets concerning various topics. The source reports undergoing various rounds of peer-review before publishing any material, therefore it should be a reliable source. From the website I obtained the number of domestic violence reports made to Linea Mujer, a non profit in Mexico, during COVID. This information was great to pair with the national data to provide readers with two different sources that experienced a high number of domestic violence related calls.
 * "Versión estenográfica de la conferencia de prensa matutina del presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador – AMLO" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * This website is operated by the president of Mexico, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO). After each morning conference he posts the transcript and recording of the event, therefore it should be a reliable source. From the transcript I obtained AMLO's response on the increase in domestic violence reports. This informs readers about the position the president took on the issue.
 * Xantomila, Jessica (2020-07-15). "Aprueba Inmujeres reducción presupuestal del 75% para gastos - Política - La Jornada". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-17.
 * The website is a one of the leading primary news source in Mexico, dedicated to providing factually correct information, therefore it should be a reliable source. From the article I obtained information regarding AMLO's intention in cutting Mexicos federal womens institutes budget by 75%. This is another example provided to readers on how politicians responded to the issue.

Invisibility, Normalization and Impunity

 * Institute for Economics & Peace. Mexico Peace Index 2021: Identifying and Measuring the Factors That Drive Peace, Sydney, May 2021. Available from: http://visionofhumanity.org/resources (accessed October 21, 2022).
 * This primary resource report is from the Institute for Economics & Peace, a leading non-profit think tank focused on measuring the peace of a country. Since it is a data/research driven organization, it should be a reliable resource. From the report I obtained the percentage of crimes that are not investigated in Mexico. This helps exemplify the high impunity in the country.
 * Jose, Cabrera; Tessa, Butler (2017-05-04). "Impunity in Mexico: A Rising Concern". JUSTICE IN MEXICO. Retrieved 2022-10-14
 * Justice in Mexicos website, is dedicated to publishing reliable research data to the public. It is a primary source, in collaboration with the University of San Diego, therefore it should be a reliable source. From the article, I obtained Mexico's ranking on the Global Impunity Index, revealing they had one of the highest impunity rates compared to the other participating countries. This information helps put impunity into perspective for readers.
 * Ortiz, Alexis (2020-03-05). "The Impunity Machine: Crimes against women do not matter in Mexico". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
 * This website has been ranked as the most trusted digital news source in Mexico, and uses data that is reported from governmental organizations such as (INEGI) and (ENVIPE). therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provided explained that women had a lack of trust in the government, so they refused to report their cases. With this informations readers will learn the effect impunity has had on women of Mexico.
 * "The long road to justice, prosecuting femicide in Mexico". UN Women – Headquarters. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
 * UN women is reported to be a credible resource that provides data concerning women, therefore it should be a reliable source. The website states that female homicides go unrecognized due to Mexicos inaction. This was a great addition to the subtopic.
 * "Sólo se investiga 7% de delitos contra mujeres". El Universal (in Spanish). 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
 * This website has been ranked as the most trusted digital news source in Mexico, and uses data that is reported from governmental organizations such as (INEGI) and (ENVIPE). therefore it should be a reliable source. From the article I obtained a quote from Irene Arista, the executive director of Impunidad Cero. She argued police were judgmental towards missing women, suggesting they were prostitutes. This additionally made women feel uncomfortable to report their cases, contributing to the invisibility of domestic violence cases.
 * "'Femicide nation': murder of young woman casts spotlight on Mexico's gender violence crisis". the Guardian. 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
 * This website is a primary source, reporting daily news and interviews. It has been rated as factual, therefore it should be a reliable source. Within the article, executive director of Amnesty International in Mexico, reported that 11 women are dying everyday in Mexico. This information was useful in showing the deadly consequences impunity has had.
 * *Guevara Bermúdez, J. A., & Chávez Vargas, L. G. (2018). La impunidad en el contexto de la desaparición forzada en México = Impunity in the context of enforced disappearance in Mexico. EUNOMÍA. Revista En Cultura De La Legalidad, (14), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.416
 * The article is published by the academic journal of EUNOMIA, therefore it should be a reliable source. The article provided a simple defintion of impunity, which I thought would be a great way to begin this section and for readers to understand.
 * *Rodríguez, J. J. (2016). Paralelismos en los capítulos de feminicidios y desapariciones forzosas de mujeres y niñas en Ciudad Juarez y Ecatepec entre 2008 y 2014: el patriarcado como sistema de poder garante de la impunidad y la desinformación/Parallels in chapters of femicide and forced disappearances of women and girls in Ciudad Juarez and Ecatepec between 2008 and 2014: Patriarchy as a power system that guarantees impunity and misinformation. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 22(2), 759+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A498585413/AONE?u=txshracd2542&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=d11e0f87
 * The article is published by Estudios Sobre El Mesaje Periodistico, which is an academic journal, therefore this source should be reliable. The source provided great information as to why women refused to contact police, which I thought would serve as another supporting point in this section.

Cultural References

 * Calvo, Paola; Jasim, Patrick (2022-03-10), Luchadoras (Documentary), Tumult Film, retrieved 2022-10-20
 * The website IMDB undergoes various rounds of fact checking, therefore it is a reliable source. The resource provided a summary of the documentary, which was helpful when creating the description of it on Wikipedia.