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Vocational rehabilitation, also abbreviated VR or voc rehab, is a process which enables persons with functional, psychological, developmental, cognitive, and emotional disabilities or impairments or health disabilities to overcome barriers to accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or other useful occupation. Vocational rehabilitation can require input from a range of health care professionals and other non-medical disciplines such as disability employment advisers and career counsellors. Whilst, traditionally, the focus of vocational rehabilitation was job retention, an increased focus on an all-encompassing approach has become more popular in recent years. Approaches differ between countries, however, due to the differing amounts of financial and political support vocational rehabilitation receives.

In 2008, the UN introduced the “International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” which provided internationally recognised rights to people with disabilities. It is often argued that this convention redefined the understanding of disability adopted by governments and further changed the way in which disability related issues were approached.

Summary
Vocational rehabilitation varies greatly between countries. However, it generally focuses on improvements to the socialisation, healthcare and physical and mental wellbeing of the person receiving the services. People eligible for vocational rehabilitation generally include those with long-term sicknesses, mental health disorders, common health problems and severe medical conditions ; however, it varies between countries and often, states. Services offered to those who are eligible commonly include financial support, psychological support and social support. There are a range of techniques utilised in the process of rehabilitation, including:


 * assessment, appraisal, program evaluation, and research.
 * goal setting and intervention planning.
 * Provision of health advice and promotion, in support of returning to work.
 * support for self-management of health conditions.
 * making adjustments to the medical and psychological impact of a disability.
 * Case management, referral, and service co-ordination.
 * Psychosocial interventions.
 * career counselling, job analysis, job development, and placement services.
 * functional and work capacity evaluations.

Vocational rehabilitation is unique in the sense that commonly healthcare programs rely on their successes to gain support. However, since vocational rehabilitation is largely reliant on employer compliance and willingness to involve themselves in the process, it is often marketed in a way that focuses more on the business gains of the program.

There is a large amount of research dedicated to the development and improvement of vocational rehabilitation. Contemporary focus on vocational rehabilitation arose from an increased focus on social security systems on a governmental level. It is believed to be beneficial for people to return to work and to experience full integration into society which is typically assisted by vocational rehabilitation. Moreover, rehabilitation programs encourage fewer people to rely on governmental financial support by facilitating greater movement into jobs for people with disabilities who are typically excluded from the workforce.

There is a large cultural influence on approaches to disability and subsequently, disability services. Developed countries such as America, England and Australia have had systems in place for rehabilitation services for many years. Developing countries, however, have historically been more focused on combatting diseases and thus have dedicated less resources to the development of rehabilitation programs. There is a large amount of stigma embedded within disability in developing countries. Subsequently, there is a lack of vocational rehabilitation programs in these countries which in turn has consequences on the economic and social development within them. The World Health Organisation, however, have implemented programs within developing countries in order to better establish their rehabilitation plans for people with disabilities.

Whilst it is a popularly used form of intervention throughout many countries, vocational rehabilitation is often criticised for being inefficient and unsuccessful. Furthermore, some critics claim that there is not enough emphasis placed on women with disabilities in need of vocational rehabilitation services.

History
The Vocational Rehabilitation Program was created in 1920. This program was created under the supervision of the Rehabilitation Services Administration which was formed by the American government to facilitate a variety of programs for vocational rehabilitation.

The President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped was formed in 1945, which later became the President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and today is known as the Office of Disability Employment Policy.

By the end of the 20th century, a number of services were created to facilitate support for vocational rehabilitation. In the 1980’s, jobs specifically for people with disabilities were created and the idea of ‘equal access’ became more widespread. The ‘Americans with Disabilities Act’ was implemented in 1990 which outlined clear guidelines of rights for people with disabilities.

Current
Currently, a variety of federal services exist to facilitate vocational rehabilitation in the United States. The Department of Disability Services has a dedicated sect to vocational rehabilitation services; applicants are provided with a counsellor to develop an Individual Plan for Employment. The Office of Disability Employment Policy further facilitates employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

The Social Security Administration pays benefits to people with disabilities whereas the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) administers grants to those eligible. Eligibility is determined, firstly, by whether an individual’s disability is preventative of employment. Furthermore, the individual needs to benefit from vocational rehabilitation services and further be able to succeed in employment goals.

The US Department of Veterans Affairs offers vocational rehabilitation programs specifically for veterans whose disabilities are related to their years in active service. Such programs include employment assistance, business assistance and job retention.

Criticisms
Of people who use vocational rehabilitation services in America, only 17% are successful in their employment. Furthermore, only 20.5% of the United States labour force is made up of people with disabilities and on average they are paid about 37% less. Vocational rehabilitation further tends to cater to advantaged communities, with people from disadvantaged backgrounds less likely to reach out for vocational rehabilitation services and are furthermore, less likely to be found to be eligible.

History
Vocational rehabilitation has been in practice in the UK since the early 1900’s. In 1946, the ‘Egham Industrial Rehabilitation Centre in Surry’ became open for public use, following the Second World War. In 1951, the National Health Service (NHS) had primary control over rehabilitation services, offering a variety of programs. However, in the 1980’s, the recession in the UK saw a decline in focus on vocational rehabilitation. The NHS shut down many of their rehabilitation service centres which consequently led the Department of Employment to take over responsibility for rehabilitation services.

From 2000 to 2002 the Vocational Rehabilitation Association led a government funded research project into vocational rehabilitation and how to better improve it in the UK. By 2003 nearly 2.7 million people in the UK were receiving government disability benefits which the government could not sustain. As a result, ‘Jobcentre’ was created to facilitate work services for disability, overseen by the Department for Work & Pensions.

Current
Currently, a variety of services are in place to facilitate vocational rehabilitation. In 2005, the Department of Health released “The National Service Framework for Long-term Conditions”. The report was a part of a government plan to improve support for those with long-term health conditions and worked closely with improvements to the NHS, who are in part responsible for assisting those in need of vocational rehabilitation.

The British Society of Rehabilitation Medicine represents medical professionals involved in vocational rehabilitation services, whilst the Vocational Rehabilitation Association supports businesses who facilitate vocational rehabilitation for their employees. In 2016, the NHS released “Commissioning Guidance for Rehabilitation” which served as an official document for rehabilitation providers. It outlined clear guidelines on expectations and policies in regard to administering rehabilitation services, including vocational rehabilitation.

JobCentre Plus was established by the UK government as a service which provides people in vocational rehabilitation programs with Disability Employment Advisors which supervise the process of somebody returning to and staying in the workplace. They also provide the Alternative and Augmentative Communication scheme to facilitate those with limited communication skills in the workplace, and the Access to Work Scheme which provides employers of people with disabilities with suitable resources.

Criticisms
Only 14% of brain injury patients in the UK successfully remain at full time work 30 months after their injury, even after the use of vocational rehabilitation services. Whilst a large amount of money is put into such services, the average payback period for people who successfully maintain employment is as long as 20 months.

History
The ‘Disability Services Act’ in 1986 created standards for Australians with disabilities and was later amended, in 1993, to include financial support. In 2014, it became the ‘Disability Inclusion Act’ which officially recognised the human rights of those with disabilities. In 2007, the ‘Disability Services (Rehabilitation Services) Guidelines’ was developed to create outlines on how to provide rehabilitation services in Australia. In 2017, it was amended and included further guidelines on the facilitation of rehabilitation processes.

Vocational rehabilitation is also made available to veterans in Australia, with the ‘Veterans’ Vocational Rehabilitation Scheme’ being created under the ‘Veterans’ Entitlement Act 1986’ which focused on stable employment and further, employment retention for veterans.

Current
The Australian Government claims that people who are absent from work for 20 days have a 70% return rate whereas people who are absent from work for 70 days have a 35% return rate. Subsequently, there are many vocational rehabilitation services offered to improve rates of return to work. To be eligible for vocational rehabilitation services an individual must have some form of a disability that is preventative of employment retention. Some people may be eligible for counselling services, as well as guidance and rehabilitation services. Financial and housing services are further available to those who qualify for such level of rehabilitation along with assistants in the workplace.

Typically, vocational rehabilitation services are offered through independent organisations associated with workplaces, or individual workplaces themselves with occupational therapists, psychologists, physiotherapists and exercise physiologists often utilised in the process.

The ‘Employer Incentive Scheme’ (Australian Government, 2016) provides financial support to employers who actively participate in vocational rehabilitation; however, such support is only available if employers comply with ‘Disability Services (Rehabilitation Services) Guidelines’.

Criticisms
In Australia, there has been limited research dedicated to vocational rehabilitation, with most of the research coming from America. Furthermore, providers of vocational rehabilitation in Australia are not required to obtain any form of certifications. Resultantly, the teaching of vocational rehabilitation at universities needs to be improved in order to improve the state of vocational rehabilitation in Australia.