User:RuhuaYang2022/sandbox

Disaster information gathering and risk mapping
The key to effective disaster risk management is understanding and accessing hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk information, especially for Afghanistan, which is rebuilding after natural disasters and military conflicts .To strengthen resilience, investments in Afghanistan need to incorporate information on natural hazards into their planning, design and implementation. It is suggested that a separate unit of geoscientists and land use planners be formed with a specific responsibility to revisit natural hazard maps. In fragile states such as Afghanistan, it is critical to make use of the territorial knowledge and data provided by NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).

Policy
Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA) is a nominal presence in terms of implementation and policy delivery. This is mainly because ANDMA's provincial branches are severely under-resourced and under-capable. In addition, ANDMA, as an institution, usually arrives after an avalanche has occurred. There is a need to revisit the national plan and to ensure that its contents are implemented. And develop practical and home-grown national disaster management plans that can address community-level disasters after identifying sources of information.

Afghanistan needs simple, sustainable and inexpensive avalanche solutions because of the technology, terrain and financial situation. Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FOCUS) works on a community basis to reduce avalanche mortality in vulnerable villages through simple, low-cost programmes such as manual weather stations, rules of thumb and basic avalanche awareness training at local level.

Infrastructure
Avalanche mitigation measures to protect infrastructure and settlements are often missing, while other avalanche warning systems were built privately at a cost of US$2.5 billion. Restorative short-term activities including the construction of mitigation structures, protection of national roads and the establishment of weather stations to assess changing weather patterns in a timely manner are required in affected communities. Avalanche risk can be reduced by retention structures such as concrete galleries over highways and early warning systems.