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'''1st. Post''' Spencer is a tabbi cat.

'''2nd. Post''' Tiffany Rummer Evolution Wiki Topic 9-15-14

Topic: Evolutionary trade-offs associated with maladaptation from natural selection. Question: Are the trade-offs for certain traits or adaptations worth the genetic downfall or maladaptation it requires?

Annotated Bibliography

Acute coronary syndromes and heart failure may reflect maladaptations of trauma physiology that was shaped during pre-modern evolution. Lee, Patrick Y et al. Medical Hypotheses , Volume 62, Issue 6 , 861 – 867 This article is trying to prove the negative change in effectiveness of the “triad of trauma response” in humans. Over time, our triad of trauma response consisting of adrenergia, inflammation and coagulation within the body has become a         successful part of natural selection. However, due to modern changes in stressors, habitat, diet, etc, this triad response may prove to be a     maladaptation. Though this trait helped our ancestors to survive, in the current form of a maladaptation, it may cause more harm than good.

Thompson, J., Nuismer, S., & Gomulkiewicz, R. (n.d.). Coevolution and Maladaptation. Oxford Journal, 42(2), 381-387. Retrieved from http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/2/381.short This article discusses the appearance of maladaptation in a species due to the interaction of coevolutionary processes within a given area. Maladaptation is thought to appear due to the combined actions of gene flow, random genetic drift and local extinction of populations. Under the assumption that maladaptation used to be favorable adaptation, this article discusses the various reasons for said adaptations to become unfavorable due to geographical location and climate change. Things such as environment, species interaction, genetic factors and coevolution may also have influenced these adaptations.

Crespi, B. (2001). The Evolution of Maladaptation. Wiley Online Library, 84(6), 623-629. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365- 2540.2000.00746.x/abstract This article is a review for the study of maladaptation. It outlines the general definition of maladaptation and the causes behind it- ranging from mutation, and inbreeding to gene flow and pleiotropy. It defines the basis for identifying maladaptation, and the varying degrees of it.

Nesse, R. (2005). Maladaptation and Natural Selection. 80(1), 62-70. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884737 This article describes the challenges that George Williams has encountered in trying to find evolutionary explanations for maladaptaions. Whether due to genetic factors such as evolutionary trade-offs, coevolution, reproductive advantages, etc. maladaptaions have yet to be thoroughly investigated or explained in a scientifically accurate way. This article ventures to explain the reasoning and background on maladaptaions within a given species.

Gangestad, S., & Yeo, R. (n.d.). Behavioral genetic variation, adaptation and maladaptation: An evolutionary perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(3), 103-108. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive- sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(97)89056-0?_returnURL=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661397890560?showall=true Within the realm of evolutionary psychology, this article seeks to explore the various maladaptions that have been expressed over time in humans. Through using what we know of evolutionary processes, we can come to some interesting conclusions on why/ how certain maladaptations have appeared. The differences in favorable/ unfavorable adaptions can vary due to genetic influences and fitness of organisms overall. This article has found that something called developmental imprecision may be the root cause for many human cognitive maladaptaions, though researchers are still unsure how the human brain is affected overall.

Oct. 1st Wiki Update

Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladaptation

Article Edit: mal·ad·ap·ta·tion noun \ˌma-ˌla-ˌdap-ˈtā-shən\ Maladaptation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maladaptation

Talk Edit: ==General Suggestions==

"This is because adaptations can become less appropriate over time, causing them to become more of a negative factor than a positive one."
 * 1) 1. The sentence- "This is because it is possible for an adaptation to be poorly selected or become less appropriate or even become on balance more of a dysfunction than a positive adaptation, over time." - is poorly worded. Its a little confusing and hard to understand. I would revise it as-


 * 1) 2. The sentence- "It is a term used when discussing both humans and animals..." seems too narrow. I think it should also include basic organisms such as bacteria, plants, etc. as well, since maladaptations can occur in more than just humans and animals.


 * 1) 3. Need more examples: Perhaps include any studies or experiments on maladaptations. Maybe add extra modern information- Are there any leads as to how specific types occur? Are there any prevalent maladaptations that affect us or any species of animal we interact with on a daily basis?

Rummer.17 (talk) 00:44, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Conclusion
It can be said that maladaptation, once beneficial to individuals within an environment, do indeed become a hindrance to those that have had to face new factors such as changes in climate and resources. Those that are able to select against those maladaptive traits will successfully pass on their genes to future generations, as opposed to those unsuited to their environment that are unable to survive and reproduce. Certain traits may also just be inherent, such as physical traits, and neurological signaling, but the overall point is that many and more adaptive traits have the ever increasing potential to become maladaptive to individuals based on the environment they live in and are adapted to. A change in environment can easily change the outcome of a population’s survival and natural selection would play a significant role in determining those suitable enough to continue on. Overall, it is clear that maladaptive traits have, and will continue to affect the survival of populations of various species due to our ever changing environments and evolutionary processes that force us to either accept change and prosper, or be weeded out by natural selection.