User:Rupert Clayton/Hasankeyf sources

This page lists reliable sources that may be relevant to articles on Hasankeyf and its historic sites

Visiting Hasankeyf







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Nearby visitors








History of Hasankeyf



 * (especially pages 115–116; based on Meinecke publication date may have been 1937 also)






 * referred to by Howorth


















 * [Details the changing borders of Sophene, which at one point likely extended as far as Hasankeyf.]



For Al-Azraq's manuscript, see [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=2&tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01005344559 BL Or. 5803] and [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01005344558 BL Or. 6310]. Cataloged in. BL Or. 5803 fol 180r. describes the Malabadi bridge and other bridge building.

Art and architecture (general)












Art, architecture and archaeology at Hasankeyf
























Ilısu Dam






Rescue archaeology in GAP region








Zeynel Bey Tomb




Other material
Bekir Ekirci presented a session on "Hasankeyf Zeynel Bey Kümbeti Yapı Malzeme Analizleri ve Koruma Sorunları" [Building Material Analysis and Protection Issues at the Zeynel Bey Tomb in Hasankeyf] at the I. Uluslararası Batman ve Çevresi Tarih ve Kültür Sempozyumu [First International Batman Region History and Culture Symposium] in Batman (date unknown).

Koç Mosque




Old Bridge

















 * Nese Sener I. 2004. An Innovative Methodology and Structural Analysis for Relocation of Historical Masonry Monuments: a Case Study in Hasankeyf. A Thesis Submitted to the Graduated School of Nature and Applied Sciences. Middle East Technical University




 * Account of André Michaux who traveled from Aleppo to Diyarbakir to Baghdad in 1782, maybe via Diyarbekir. Michaux traveled with Joseph de Beachamp and Jean-François Rousseau. An article from 1810 suggests that Michaux's route was not via the Tigris as it involved a "journey of 40 days across the desert". However another source says that Beauchamp "steered his course along the Tigris and Euphrates, from Diabekin to the Persian Gulph." Of course, both may be true if Beauchamp and Michaux travelled to Baghdad separately.

40.32m span cited by HASANKEYF KAYMAKAMLIĞI

Fügen İlter (1974)
Artukoğulları’nın ünlü merkezi Hasan Keyf’deki Dicle (Hasan Keyf) köprüsünün tarihlenmesi çeşitli yorumlara yol açmış, köprü birbirinden farklı devir ve tarihlerin içine oturtulmuştur.21 Kanımızca en doğru tarihlenmeye, İbn-ül Ezrak’la varmaktayız. Necmeddin Alpî’nin Diyarbakır bölgesinde ilk köprüyü (Malabadi-Batman Su Köprüsü) yaptıran kimse olduğunu söyleyen İbn-ül Ezrak, bundan sonra Fahreddin Kara Arslan’ın Hısn’ Kayfa’da Dicle nehri üzerinde bir köprü yaptırdığını bildirmektedir.22 O halde köprü, 1115–1175 yılları arasında yapımış olmalıdır.

Gerek kemer şekli ve gerekse genel görünüş biçimi açısından, daha güneye kayalım ve buradan tanıyacağımız köprülerle, karşılaştırmalar yaparak, aydınlatıcı sonuçlara varmaya çalışalım.

Notes:

21 Taylor J.G. köprünün “eski devre” ait olduğunu söylerken (Travels in Kurdistan, London, 1868.s.32). Bitter, C.1122’de Emir Fahreddin tarafından yaptırıldığını kaydeder (Die Erdkunde, XI, Berlin, 1844, s.88) İbn Havkal da anonim bir kayda göre, yapımla ilgili olarak H.510 (1117-18) yılını ve Artuklu Kara Arslan adını verirse de, bu tarih Kara Arslan’ın değil babası Davud’un hüküm sürdüğü zamana girmektedir (H.532-539) (Darkot, B., “Hısn Keyfa” maddesi, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, s.453). Lehmann-Haupt ise, belirli bir tarih vermekten kaçınmış, ancak “XII.y.y.’ın II.yarısında, Artuklu Sultanı Fahrettin bu kocaman köprüyü yaptırdı” demekle yetinmiştir (Armenien, einst und jetzt, Berlin, 1910, s.379). Gabriel bu köprünün, bügüne kalan kısımlarından “orta çağa giren bir eser, özenli bir taş yapı” diye bahsederek, benzeri köprüler (Malabadi, Ceziret İbn Umar) gibi Artukoğullarına ait yapılarla karşılaştırarak “Fahreddin Kara Arslan tarafından H.510 (1117-18) de yaptırıldığı sonucuna varmaktadır (a.g.e. s.77). Çulpan da köprü yapım yılı olarak H.510 (1116) tarihi kabul edenlerdendir. Yazıtı olmayan köprüde Ritter’in, Gabriel’in ve Çulpan’ın tarihlemelerinin neye dayanılarak bu kadar kesin verdiğini anlamak güçtür.

22 Gerçekten Diyarbakır bölgesinde yapılan ilk köpru oldğunu İbn-ül Ezrak’a göre kabul ettiğimiz Malabadi köprüsüyle, Hasan Keyf köprüsü karşılaştırılınca, yapı kuruluşları, ölçüleri ve süslemeleri açısından, Hasan Keyf köprüsünün, Malabadi’de edinilen denemelerle daha olgun bir şekilde yapıldığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.

rough translation

Because there are various interpretations for the dating of the Tigris (Hasan Keyf) bridge in the famous Artuqid center of Hasan Keyf, the bridge has been assigned to different periods and dates. In our opinion the most accurate dating comes from Ibn al-Azrak. He reports that Fahreddin Kara Arslan built a bridge over the Tigris River at Hisn’ Kayfa after Necmeddin Alpî’s construction of the first bridge in the Diyarbakır region, the Malabadi Bridge over the Batman Su. Therefore the bridge must have been constructed during the period 1115-1175.

Through comparison of these bridges with those further south, both in terms of arch shape and general form, I will try to reach some useful conclusions.

Notes:

21 J.G. Taylor says that the bridge belongs to the "old period". C. Ritter states that it was buılt under the direction of Emir Fahreddin in 1122. The attribution to Kara Arslan of the Artuqids and the date of A.H. 510 (1117-18), according to an anonymous note in Ibn Hawqal, this date not Kara Arslan’s reign but that of his father Davud (A.H. 532-539). [more translation in progress]

Carl Ritter (1848)
from

Ueber Hosn Keifs genauere geographische Behältnisse selbst bleiben wir, troß aller historischen Berühmtheit zu den Zeiten der Merwaniden, Ortokiden, Ejubiden und anderer Dynastien während und nach der Periode der Kreuzzüge und Sultan Saladins, im Dunkeln, der auch hier seine Heldenthaten als ächter Kurde übte. Die erste Besitznahme der Merwaniden, sagt Abul Pharag. 22), der dies wol wissen konnte, soll das Schloß, das er Hesno'l Kaipha nennt, gewesen sein, und von da aus eroberten sie alles übrige ihrer Herrschaft.

Edrisi nennt das Schloß nur einmal gelegentlich, und Abulfeda copirt blos, was andere vor ihm gesagt haben, ohne neue Daten 23). Der Index Geogr. in Vita Saladini bestätigt v. Moltke's Beobachtung, daß der Tigris bei diefem Castell zu beiden Seiten durch eine sehr große Bogenbrucke (prodigiosum opus) verbunden werde; wo dem großen Gewölbe zu beiden Seiten zwei kleinere sich befänden (Tigrim jungenti ingenti ponte, opere arcuato uno nempe magno duobus minoribus arcubus hinc et hinc stipato. Ind. Geogr.), von welchen lehteren jedoch die neuere Beobachtung nichts sagt.

Nach Quatremère soll sie vom Emir Fahreddin (dem Seldjukiden?) im J. 510 d. Heg., d. i. im J. 1122 n. Chr G. erbaut sein.

Um so ausfallender ist des venetianischen Gesandten Jos. Barbaro's Angabe, des einzigen, der, so viel wir wissen, diese Brücke wirklich überschritten hat, im J. 1471, wenn er sie eine große Balkenbrücke (ponte de legnami grossi) nennt, welche den schönen, tiesen, an dieser Stelle an 30 Schritt breiten Strom überschreite, die wegen der großen Tiese des Stromes daselbst auf keinem Mittenpfeiler gestützt werden könne, sondern zu beiden Seiten an den Brückenköpfen auf Felsen ruhe.

Er nennt den Strom Set, und eben so wird der Fluß in der Kurdengeschichte, die Quatremère anführt24), bei Djezieh ibn Omar stets Sahat, oder Sahat el arab, aber auch Schatti Diar Bekir genannt; eben so gebraucht Schiltperger bei Babylon die Benennung Shatt, welche nach Quatremères Untersuchung demnach auch dem ganzen Tigrislause angehört und keineswegs erst mit dem Bereine beider Ströme des Euphrat und Tigris abwärts desselben beginnt.

21) J. Cl. Rich, Narrative of Kurdestan. Vol. I. App. II. p. 375. 22) Greg. Abul Pharag., Hist. Dyn. p. 213, 323. 23) Abul-fedae, Tabul. Mesop. ed. Reiske b. Büsching Th. IV. p. 242.



rough translation

We ourselves remain in the dark about Hosn Keif's more detailed geographical components during its historic eminence in the days of Marwanid, Artuqid, Ayyubid and other dynasties during and after the period of the Crusades and Sultan Saladin, who practiced his derring-do as the eighth Kurd [ruler] here.

Abul Pharag (22) says the castle, which he calls Hesno'l Kaipha, was the first possession of the Marwanids, and from there they captured all the rest of their possessions.

Idrisi mentions the castle only occasionally, and Abulfeda merely copied what others have said before him, with no new data.(23)

In Vita Saladini, the Index Geogr. confirms von Moltke's observation that near this castle the two banks of the Tigris are connected by a great arched bridge ("prodigiosum opus") [a great work]; on either side of the main arch are two smaller ones ("Tigrim jungenti ingenti ponte, opere arcuato uno nempe magno duobus minoribus arcubus hinc et hinc stipato." [The Tigris bridge is built of one great arch flanked by two smaller ones on either side.] Ind. Geogr.), on which subject more recent observations say nothing.

Based on Quatremère its construction should be dated to the Emir Fahreddin in AH 510 (AD 1122).

This contradicts[?] the statement by the Venetian ambassador Giosafat Barbaro, whom, so far as we know, really examined[?] this bridge in the year 1471, when he calls it a bridge made of great beams ("ponte de legnami grossi"), which spanned the beautiful, deep and, at this point 30 paces wide, stream, because of the great depths of the stream, and which could not be supported by a central pier because of the great depths of the river, but instead had abutments resting on rock on both sides.

Zechariah Cyrus (2017)
هل تعود خريطة نهري دجلة والفرات القطرية إلى أوليا جلبي ؟ (Does the map of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers belong to Evliya Çelebi?) Authors: قورشون ، زكريا Publisher: Hassan Bin Mohammed Center for Historical Studies Main Topics: HISTORY | GEOGRAPHY Journal: Rewaq History and Heritage 2017 Issue 4, pp.97-108 Document Type: Article Publication Date: 6/2017 Document Language: Arabic Document ID (Org No.): 107796 Frequency: Bi-Annual pISSN: 24146005 DOI: 10.12816/0040223

source article [https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=tr&tl=en&text=Andan%20c%C3%BCmlesi%20bir%20olup%20cerey%C3%A2n%20ederek%20Diy%C3%A2rbekir%E2%80%99in%20c%C3%A2nibi%20ark%C3%AEsi%20dibinde%20F%C4%B1s%20kayas%C4%B1%20alt%C4%B1ndan%20ub%C3%BBr%20ederek%20%C3%87ay%20bost%C3%A2nl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20ve%20Reyh%C3%A2n%20g%C3%BClist%C3%A2nl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20ray%20ed%C3%BCp%20andan%20a%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1%20Diy%C3%A2rbekir%E2%80%99in%20%C5%9Fat%20%C3%BCzre%20Ba%C4%9Fd%C3%A2d%20ve%20Basra%E2%80%99ya%20giden%20Kelek%20Cisri%20iskelesinden%20a%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1%20Hasankeyf%E2%80%99e%20do%C4%9Fru%20ve%20Cez%C3%AEre%E2%80%99ye%20do%C4%9Fru%20y%C3%BCz%20yetmi%20p%C3%A2re%20k%C4%B1l%C3%A2%E2%80%98%20u%20kasab%C3%A2t%20ve%20Med%C3%A2yinler%E2%80%99i%20ve%20benderi%20%C5%9Fehri%20Musul%E2%80%99u%20ve%20gayr%C4%B1%20diy%C3%A2rlar%C4%B1%20sak%C3%AE%20ederek%20t%C3%A2%20Ba%C4%9Fd%C3%A2d%C4%B1%20behi%C5%9Ft-%C3%A2b%C3%A2d'a%20var%C4%B1nca%20y%C3%BCz%20elli%20aded%20enh%C3%A2r%C4%B1%20az%C3%AEmler%20mahl%C3%BBt%20olup%20Ba%C4%9Fd%C3%A2d'dan%20a%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1%20nehri%20%22Diy%C3%A2le%22%20ve%20%22%C3%87erka%22%20ve%20%22Zarb%C4%B1%20Al%C3%AE%22%20ve%20ni%C3%A7e%20nehri%20keb%C3%AErler%20kar%C4%B1%C5%9Fup%20ba%E2%80%98deh%C3%BB%20Basra%E2%80%99dan%20yukaruda%20Kurna%20kal%E2%80%98as%C4%B1%20burnunda%20nehri%20Fur%C3%A2t%20ile%20%C5%9Fat%20bir%C3%A2deri%20bir%20olup%20yek-dil%20yek-cihet%20nehreyni%20bir%C3%A2dereyn%20ittif%C3%A2k%C4%B1yla%20dery%C3%A2-mis%C3%A2l%20cerey%C3%A2n%20ed%C3%BCp%20Basra%20%C3%B6n%C3%BCne%20vard%C4%B1klar%C4%B1nda%20dery%C3%A2-mis%C3%A2l%20olup%20Hind%C3%BBst%C3%A2n%20ve%20Portakal%20ve%20Larist%C3%A2n%20ve%20Molt%C3%A2n%20ve%20%C4%B0ngilis%20%C3%BC%20Felemenk%20ve%20Umm%C3%A2n%20ve%20Yemen%20ve%20Aden%20ve%20Cidde%20ve%20Habe%C5%9F%20gemileri%20gel%C3%BCp%20Basra%E2%80%99ya%20yana%C5%9Fup%20met%C3%A2%E2%80%98%C4%B1%20z%C3%AE-k%C4%B1ymet%20getir%C3%BCp%20k%C3%A2l%C3%A2y%C4%B1%20b%C3%AE-minnet%20al%C4%B1rlar.... Google translation]

Andan cümlesi bir olup cereyân ederek Diyârbekir’in cânibi arkîsi dibinde Fıs kayası altından ubûr ederek Çay bostânlığın ve Reyhân gülistânlığın ray edüp andan aşağı Diyârbekir’in şat üzre Bağdâd ve Basra’ya giden Kelek Cisri iskelesinden aşağı Hasankeyf’e doğru ve Cezîre’ye doğru yüz yetmi pâre kılâ‘ u kasabât ve Medâyinler’i ve benderi şehri Musul’u ve gayrı diyârları sakî ederek tâ Bağdâdı behişt-âbâd'a varınca yüz elli aded enhârı azîmler mahlût olup Bağdâd'dan aşağı nehri "Diyâle" ve "Çerka" ve "Zarbı Alî" ve niçe nehri kebîrler karışup ba‘dehû Basra’dan yukaruda Kurna kal‘ası burnunda nehri Furât ile şat birâderi bir olup yek-dil yek-cihet nehreyni birâdereyn ittifâkıyla deryâ-misâl cereyân edüp Basra önüne vardıklarında deryâ-misâl olup Hindûstân ve Portakal ve Laristân ve Moltân ve İngilis ü Felemenk ve Ummân ve Yemen ve Aden ve Cidde ve Habeş gemileri gelüp Basra’ya yanaşup metâ‘ı zî-kıymet getirüp kâlâyı bî-minnet alırlar....

The sentence of the moment is one and it is the one at the bottom of the fıs rock at the bottom of the fısh rock at the bottom of the demiarbekir, and from the moment below the Kelek Cisri pier of the Diyârbekir to Baghdâd and Basra, down towards Hasankeyf and towards Cezîre. One hundred and seventy pâre kashâ and the city of Mosul and its benderi, the city of Mosul and the non-religious people, one hundred and fifty of the people who came to Baghdâdı behişt-âbâd became the dwellers and the river below Baghdad was called "Diyâle" and "Çerka" and "Zarbı Ali" and the nice river kebirs mingled and the ba'dahû above Basra, the Kurna castle at the nose of the Kurna castle, the river Furât and the shah one, and the yek-language yek-jihet river, with the alliance of a deryâ-like-jihet river, when they arrived in front of Basra, they deryâû and the ships of Portakal and Laristân and Moltân and English of Dutch and Ummân and Yemen, and Aden and Jeddah and Abyssini come to Basra, bring the tha-value and receive kalai bî-gratitude ....