User:Rwintle/project3

The AX80 is a polyphonic analogue keyboard synthesizer manufactured by Akai Professional in the mid-1980s. It was Akai's first venture into the professional electronic musical instrument market. The AX80 used digitally-controlled analogue oscillators and filter circuitry based on the Curtis Electronics CEM 3372 integrated circuit. It was marketed as part of a line of project studio equipment, including the S612 digital sampler and the MG1212 multitrack tape recorder.

Features and Cabinet
This electronic keyboard is an 8-voice polyphonic, digitally controlled analogue synthesizer. It has 64 memory locations for sounds ("patches"), arranged in two banks of 32 each, plus a bank of 32 factory preset sounds. The instrument has basic MIDI implementation, but lacks the ability to save or restore sounds except by using cassette tape.

Front panel
The front panel has a volume knob, a master tuning knob, a data entry knob for programming patches, modulation and pitch wheels with knobs for the depth of the effect, and various buttons to switch on and off modulation destinations, enable chord memory, transpose the keyboard, or infinitely sustain notes. The case is black metal with fluorescent displays to indicate the status of different synthesis parameters (see Figure 1), and black rubberized end pieces.

Back panel
The back panel is unusual in that it is tilted from vertical so that the connectors can be seen from the front of the instrument. There are quarter-inch jacks for recording data to cassette tape, sustain and program change footpedal jacks, MIDI in, out and "thru" DIN connectors, a monaural quarter-inch audio output, a quarter-inch headphone jack, and memory protect and power switches.

Keyboard
The keyboard is five octaves (61 notes, C to C) and is unweighted. It has velocity, but not aftertouch, sensitivity. The output MIDI velocity values span the full range (up to 127), but only discrete "steps" are used (in other words, not every integer value from 1 to 127).

Voice architecture
The synthesizer voices are somewhat similar to those found in the Roland JX-3P, in that there are two oscillators (referred to as "OSC"s) per voice, with the option of sawtooth and/or square waveforms. OSC2 can be synchronized to OSC1, or the two oscillators can be cross-modulated. The OSCs can be separated by semitone intervals (up to four octaves) and detuned (to approximately a semitone). There is pulse-width modulation of the square wave of OSC1 (with a dedicated low-frequency oscillator (LFO) for this) and a square-wave sub-oscillator that is fixed at one octave lower. OSC2's pitch can be modulated by by one of the two ADSR envelope generators, which are dedicated to VCA volume and VCF cutoff frequency. The filter is a 24dB/octave resonant lowpass, and there is also a separate 12 dB/octave highpass filter.

Tracking of filter cutoff frequency with keyboard position is fully variable, allowing for sounds to become either "brighter" or more muted as higher notes are played. Keyboard velocity can affect volume and/or filter cutoff.

The modulation section of this synthesizer features four low-frequency oscillators. Three of these have four available waveforms (sine, square, sawtooth and ramp), and these LFOs are dedicated to filter cutoff, amplitude, and pitch. These also have a programmable delay before their effect sets in. The fourth LFO is dedicated to pulse-width modulation of OSC2, and only its rate and depth are programmable.

There is also a programmable output level for each patch, to help balance loud and soft sounds. Notably missing from the voice architecture is white noise or portamento.

Performance controls
The AX80 has knobs for master volume and tuning, and a data entry knob that can be used to alter the currently selected parameter in real-time, although the value will jump to the knob's current position. There are various switches to select modulation destinations controlled by the modulation wheel (filter and pitch), to enable chord memory or infinite sustain of notes, and to select or edit sounds. The pitch-bend and modulation wheels also have knobs governing the depth of the effect of each. Footswitches can control sustain or switch sounds by moving up one patch at a time.

MIDI implementation
The AX80 has fairly standard MIDI implementation for an instrument of this vintage, with the ability to use any channel (1-16) for transmission or reception (these can be set differently). The instrument does not, however, recognize the MIDI tuning request, nor does it allow for saving or loading sounds (patches) to a computer via system-exclusive data dumps.

Accessories
When it was released, Akai advertised various accessories for the AX80: a footswitch (PS-X80), the FC-X80 flight case, HC-X80 hard case, SC-X80 soft case, and a vinyl dust cover (DC-X80).

Use in recorded music
An AX80 appears in the video for Kim Mitchell's song "All We Are", played by Pye Dubois, although the manufacturer's name is blacked out. Greek synth-pop duo Marsheaux are also said to use the AX80.

Literature
Full-page advertisements with the slogan "Simply...Awesome!" ran in Keyboard Magazine during the mid-1980s. The AX80 also appears in the price lists at the end of both editions of Mark Vail’s Vintage Synthesizers. The second edition contains a footnote: "If you can get around the interfaces on the Akai AX-series synths, Wes Taggart [of Analogics (Geneva, Ohio, USA)] reports that 'a good-sounding synth lies beneath'". Jim Aikin reviewed the AX80 in Keyboard Magazine in January of 1985, noting it has a "warm, full souund, and can deliver a full palette of musically useful tone colors.... an excellent first entry into the keyboard market, by a company that we're sure to be seeing more from." Keyboard also printed a capsule summary in its new product profile "Spec Sheet" feature. There is also a two-page review in Complete Guide to Synthesizers, Sequencers, and Drum Machines, by Dean Friedman.

Other Sources

 * AX80 marketing brochure, Akai Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, circa 1984


 * Akai Professional brochure, Akai Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, circa 1985


 * Akai Micro Studio System fold-out brochure, Akai Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, circa 1984


 * AX80 user's manual

Category: Synthesizers Category:Akai_synthesizers