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"The Queensland Council for Civil Liberties (QCCL) is a voluntary organisation in Australia concerned with the protection of individual rights and civil liberties. It was founded in 1966 in order "to protect and promote the human rights and freedoms of Queensland citizens." The QCCL is regularly asked by Government to make submissions to committees, which is how bills are made in Parliament. These submissions cover issues such as closed circuit television, abortion law reform, sentencing issues in our court system and changes to legislation already in place, which are called amendments.

Pre-Council History
The Queensland Council for Civil Liberties is a sub-branch of the Australian Council for Civil Liberties, established in 1936. The Australian Council for Civil Liberties gives a national voice for Queensland, New South Wales and Victorian civil liberties councils.The continual violations of civil liberties in Queensland, particularly the suppression of civil rights during the anti-Vietnam War protests, led to the formation of the QCCL.

Meetings

On the 20th of June 1966, the first meeting to establish a Queensland Council for Civil Liberties was held. This meeting was disrupted by groups of left and right wing political persuasions who disagreed on how to achieve the major objectives of the Council.

A second meeting was held on 19 August 1966, but again this meeting was infiltrated by the right wing organisation The Catholic Action Group who aimed to prevent the Council obtaining a left-wing orientation. At this meeting the group dominated the newly formed council with conservative views and altered the name of this newly evolving civil liberties group to 'The Queensland Association for Civil Liberties.' Due to this takeover, many members withdrew and The Queensland Association for Civil Liberties once again changed its name, this time to the Ombudsman Association of Queensland.

A third attempt to create a Queensland Council for Civil Liberties, free of political or sectarian influence, was made at a private meeting on 19 October 1966. The development of this group succeeded and the group received recognition from both the New South Wales and Victorian Council for Civil Liberty groups

Civil Liberties and the Right to Strike

Australian Governments have produced many Acts of Parliament and subsequently, various amendments to try and find a solution to striking and the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties work to facilitate safe and productive striking practice. In 1912, the right to strike was essentially quashed by a conservative Queensland government,led by Digby Denham, who passed the Industrial Peace Act in Queensland which was an Act which imposed penalties on strikers. Following this first instance of the government retaliating to strikers and subsequent strikes, The State Transport Act 1938 and The Industrial Law Amendment Act 1948 extended the power of the police to use force and arrest citizens without a warrant,effectively reducing protests and strike action.

The Industrial Law Amendment Act

The 1948 Queensland Railway strike was a strike lasting nine weeks,from February to April 1948, and concerned the wages of Railway and Locomotive workers in Queensland. It was prompted by a low-wage policy introduced by the Halon Labor Government. The Government issued the Industrial Law Amendment Act in order to prohibit protests and strike action. As well as this, a state of emergency was issued by the Hanlon Government. Police powers were extended, and through the initiation of these acts they were given the power to arrest citizens without a warrant and use force where necessary. Severe police brutality occurred during an illegal march on Saint Patricks Day, March 19 1948, when strikers were arrested, several demonstrators were hospitalised and union offices were raided. Eventually, wage increases were granted and emergency powers were revoked.

The State Transport Act

During 1966, the Government commenced severe violations to civil liberties of Queensland citizens, this time in response to anti-Vietnam War demonstrations. The Federal Government of Australia introduced conscription in order to send Australian troops to the Vietnam War and in response to Anti-Vietnam War protests, the Queensland Government introduced the Traffic Act.

Anti conscription marches were held throughout Australia on the 5th of October 1966 and Queensland was the only state in Australia where the police made misuse of the Traffic Act and arrested a number of demonstrators. Under the Traffic Act, police permits were required to have marches or meetings, even to display placards, and permits could be refused without reason .Brian Laver, one of the students who got arrested, chose to be imprisoned instead of paying a fine to show his resistance of the laws and regulations used to suppress demonstrations and marches. QCCL President at the time Jim Kelly wrote in an article featured in The Courier Mail on January 1967 that the Council supported him.

Free Speech and the Objectionable Literature Act.

Under the Objectionable Literature Act of 1954, the Parliament of Queensland established a Literature board of Review so that the government may outlaw the distribution of questionable publications. This meant that the review held the power to ban any and all publications that were seen to be

The Board of Review consisted of four men and one woman, appointed by the governor-in-council. The Board was able to ban literature without any notice of a prohibition order, nor were they required to hear representations from any publishers or distributors. Additionally the Board was able to ban future issues of a publication regardless of whether the literature had been examined or not, however bans could be lifted if the board felt the publication had been 'reconstructed'.From the establishment of the Literature Board of Review in 1954 til 1981, 607 banning orders were made in Queensland with only six being disputed before the Supreme Court.
 * Unduly emphasizing acts of sex, horror, crime, cruelty, and violence.
 * Blasphemous, indecent, obscene, or likely to be injurous to morality.
 * Likely to encourage depravity, public disorder, or indictable offence.
 * Otherwise calculated to injure the citizens of Queensland.

Civil Rights Action Committee and QCCL

In June 1966, the Civil Rights Action Committee(CRAC) was established to seek reforms to the traffic regulations yet the Government rejected their submissions. The QCCL actively supported the effort of the CRAC. The University of Queensland Students' Union had also criticised the use of traffic legislation and the use of unnecessary police violence during the arrests of peaceful demonstrators. Furthermore, in early 1967, the Civil Liberties Co-ordination Committee (CLCC) and Students for Democratic Action, both based on The University of Queensland campus, had formed to oppose the restrictions of civil liberties.

The CLCC planned a protest march without a permit from the University to the city on 11 July 1967, but a mass meeting of students voted to postpone this until 5 September 1967 to give time for negotiations with the Queensland Government. On 7 August, Frank Gardiner, a moderate president of the Students' Union and later a vice-president of the QCCL, presented to Queensland Premier George Nicklin a submission to reform provisions of the Traffic Act and Council President Kelly and Council Secretary Lindsay Smith took part in preparing this submission.

The Cabinet made a few limited concessions but they would not concede any changes to the major point of discontent – that police could refuse permits without reason. This heightened the suspicions of civil libertarians that the police, acting as agents of the Government, could discriminate against groups espousing unpopular causes. "A deeply conservative State Government, under Queensland Premiers Frank Nicklin and later Joh Bjelke-Petersen, was determined to show protestors "who was boss". Marchers could be targeted, bashed by police, arrested, strip-searched, and spend at least one, and sometimes several days in the police "watch house" before release." On the 8th of September 1967, students and staffs of the University of Queensland marched without a permit from the campus to the city, opposite to The Cabinet. The march was obstructed by the police before it arrived at the destination and consequently they staged a mass sit-down protest in Roma St, causing 144 arrests. The 1967 Civil Liberties March was a turning point in student and State politics, subsequently leading to mass protests against the Vietnam War and the success of the emerging student movement in the decade to follow. The 1967-68 and post-1977 campaigns were the only major protests of that era anywhere in Australia where the issue was specifically about civil liberties, free speech, and the democratic "right to protest" itself."In 1972, the Gough Whitlam Federal Government defused anti-Vietnam war protests when it ended conscription and commitment to the war in Vietnam..

The Founding Years
Membership To avoid infiltration by politically motivated groups the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties made membership open to anyone who subscribed to the aims outlined in the draft constitution. The council aimed to be both non-political, non-sectarian and neither anti-police nor anti-government. Although the Council is open to anyone, members must subscribe to the aims of the Council of safeguarding any liberties remaining from any infringement by police of political action.

Over the years, the Council has faced trouble recruiting members and has often held low membership rates. When the council first began in 1966 there was low support from University lecturers and lawyers, as people in higher positions feared putting their job in jeopardy as a result of taking political action.

Communication

After the Council was formed on the 19th October, 1966, led by President Jim Kelly, the Council began establishing itself as an important civil liberties group in Queensland. They began producing information to be distributed to citizens that would inform them of their civil rights and consequently when the government made changes that impinged on citizens rights, the Council held them accountable. The QCCL has used newsletters as a form of communication between members. Due to the low membership rates, newsletter distribution over the years has been sporadic.

In 1967 the Council released its first booklet containing information that would assist citizens in their dealings with the Police. Entitled The Citizen and the Police it contained subsections such as 'Types of Arrest',After Arrest, Bail and Proceedings in Court is just one example of the work the Council performed in a time when their assistance was greatly required. An updated version of this booklet under the same title was also released in 1982 by the Council.

The Right to Demonstrate

Upon deploying troops to Vietnam, anti-conscription demonstrations were held throughout Australia. Such demonstrations of opinion were new to Queensland at this time. Queensland was the only State where police arrests were made, following the laws set out in the Traffic Act.

A group who fought for civil rights prior to the forming of the QCCL was The Queensland Civil Liberties League, who were active in supporting a campaign to vote no to banning the Communist Party in Australia. In 1968, one of the first moves by the Council to support freedom of speech in Queensland, was when council president Jim Kelly supported Brisbane's first Nationalist Socialist Party meeting. He was published in The Australian saying 'the Council supported the principle of freedom of speech even for repugnant doctrines such as the Nazi Party'.

In 1981, the Coalition State government produced a Queen Street Mall Bill which increased police powers. Brisbane's Queen Street Mall featured heavily in the Council's activity for many years after. Subsequent amendments to the Bill and the passing of the Local Government (Queen Street Mall) Act Amendment Act prohibited Queen Street Mall visitors from 'preaching, haranguing, singing, chanting, miming, recitals or other entertainments' unless a permit had been obtained from the council. The Council continued to fight these restrictions and supported activists in their plights to allow freedom of speech in the Queen Street Mall. In a move that proved the Council's success, a Brisbane City Council representative, David Hinchliffe, opened a Speakers' Corner in King George Square. .

Aboriginal Australians and Citizenship - The Mabo Legislation



For many years, Aboriginal Australians and their supporters fought for civil rights and legal equality without the help of the QCCL.

Upon forming, the QCCL worked with Aboriginal welfare organisations to inform Aboriginals of their rights if arrested. In 1967, the Council supported the campaign to secure an affirmative vote in the Commonwealth referendum on the welfare of Aborigines. The 1967 referendum is historically noted as the 'citizenship maker' and the 1960s decade saw the Commonwealth and State Government abandon citizenship restrictions. . The 1967 referendum awarded Aboriginal Australians full citizenship rights and the Federal Government a mandate over Aboriginal affairs (Daniels, 11). This vote also meant Aboriginals were granted the right to be included in population statistics.

Since the establishment of the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties, Australian State parliaments showed little interest in awarding Aboriginal Australians the right to land and Aboriginal Land rights were a topic of much criticism for the Queensland State Government. . Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen ruled that in 1982, Aboriginal Australians would only receive 'deeds of grant in trust' over reserve land. Bjelke-Petersen claimed that the Aboriginal land rights movement was little more than a plot to create a separate black nation in Australia.

Campaigns and Activities in 1968-1976
This was a time of great change in the fight for civil rights in Queensland. A new Premier, Joh Bjelke Petersen, was sworn in during this time and many protests took place questioning this governments policies on civil liberties.

Joh Bjelke-Petersen

Joh Bjelke-Petersen was elected the Premier of Queensland from 1968 until 1987. The QCCL was constantly involved with this government due to their repeated breaches of civil liberties. A substantial reason the council was created was to quell police misconduct and corruption and shortly after their formation, Bjelke-Petersen began what was concurrently described as a "corrupt and vicious regime." Police were accused of intimidatory tactics, brutality, and essentially of forming a police state in Queensland acting virtually as a "private army for the regime"

In 1969 Bjelke-Petersen's censorship campaign extended from written publication into the theatre and prosecution began for utterances as well as written prose. As a result Brisbane actor Norman Staines was arrested for the use of an obscene phrase during his one act performance of the play Norm and Ahmed. Staines was arrested by police, locked up and charged with using an obscene expression under The Vagrants, Gaming and Other Offences Act 1931-67, as a result almost every theatre company in Brisbane attacked the existing censorship system. This led to the promoter of the musical Hair refusing to bring the show to Brisbane theaters, in response cabinet member Russ Hinze condemned Hair as being appealing to only the 'sexually-depraved, or a group of homosexuals, lesbians, wifeswappers and spivs.'

The Springbok Tour

In July 1971, an Australian Rugby team the Wallabies played a test game against the Springboks, a white South African team. This was at a time of growing international opposition to South Africa's racist apartheid policies, and The Springbok's visit allowed the Queensland Premier,Bjelke-Petersen, to declare a state of emergency for a month. Police violence erupted when several hundred demonstrators assembled outside a Brisbane motel on Thursday 22 July 1971 where the Springbok team was staying. Observers claimed that the police, without warning or cause, charged at the demonstrators. Another confrontation took place between demonstrators and the police on the Friday night all but stopped short of physical violence. On Saturday evening, a large number of demonstrators assembled once more outside the Tower Mill Motel and after 15 minutes of peaceful protest, a person threw a brick into the motel room and police took action to clear the road and with disproportionate violence was used against demonstrators. A Journalist Hugh Lunn wrote that Bjelke-Petersen's state of emergency and police mobilisation resembled a full-scale operation, explaining the consequent inconvenience to the public, which accompanied the following demonstrations and police reaction, obscured the civil rights issues. Current Vice President of the QCCL at the time, Terry O'Gorman, was first exposed to these abuses of civil rights during the Springbok Tour and when Bjelke-Petersen "declared a State of Emergency to ensure the match proceeded without incident."

Campaigns and Activities in 1977-1981
This era was an extremely contentious time for civil rights in Queensland. The first inquiry into police corruption under Bjelke-Petersens government begun, major demonstrations took place and it was an important era for womens rights in Queensland.Also Terry O'Gorman, one of the QCCL's most influential members was elected as President of the QCCL in 1979, taking over from Derek Fielding.Terry O'Gorman and The QCCL members would witness police corruption and the manner in which their clients were treated, which resulted in them "taking matters into their own hands" and secretly filming police, which would later be used as evidence against them in the Lucas Inquiry

The Lucas Inquiry The Lucas Inquiry, which began in 1976, was constituted to look into police corruption. It was prompted by The QCCL, along with the Queensland Law Society, who demanded an inquiry into police corruption. It was named the 'Lucas Inquiry' as Justice GAG Lucas was appointed its chairman.

The aims of this inquiry were to:


 * Investigate police fabrication of evidence and testimonies;
 * Protect individuals from police interrogation and harassment and;
 * To discover whether police have too much power interrogating, searching and arresting citizens

The Lucas Inquiry emanated from the 'Southport Case,' an instance where a number of high ranking police officers were accused, at Southport on Queensland's Gold Coast, of tampering with evidence alongside a series of other illegalities and devious dealings including covering for two bookmakers.Stevens and Saunders were the two alleged bookmakers around whom the case revolved and who were charged with bookmaking without authority.This 'cover up' prompted the investigation into police behaviour resulting in the Inquiry.Terry O'Gorman said at the National Convention on Civil Liberties, held in 1976, "The conclusions on the Southport case cast serious doubt on the reliability and integrity of Inspectors in the Queensland Police Force."

The Lucas report resulted in findings of significant police misconduct and corruption, assault and evidence of police "planting evidence, forging warrants and fabricating confessions." The report recommended that police interviews be recorded to reduce verballing, which relates to the "putting of damaging remarks into the mouths of suspects during police interrogation." . O'Gorman, although praising the recommended introduction of tape recordings during police interviews, was highly critical of the report as there were no police charged with misconduct and many were even promoted .He said "the inquiry has made the comment that here we have these officers who have not only not been proceeded against but in the 'Southport Case' a number of the principal offenders have been promoted. What sort of a police force do we have if the upper echelons of the police force are led to believe that mis-deeds will be rewarded by subsequent promotion." .

The Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme Demonstration.

The Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme(TEAS)Demonstration took place in 29 July 1976, in Brisbane city centre, against the government's decision on Federal education budget cuts. Over one thousand students from The University of Queensland participated on the side of better Federal Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme allowances for students. Bjelke-Petersen instructed not to grant a permit for the march, and the police stopped the march in Coronation Drive. An officer struck Rose Marie Severin, a female University of Queensland student was strick on the head with a baton during the struggle, which was recorded and reported on television that night. A student quoted on the Courier Mail reported that she was not a radical; she was only trying to get out of the situation when she got a crack on the head from behind. QCCL attempted to take legal action on behalf of Severin but she dropped the charges and the case did not continue any further.

Street Protest Ban of 1977

In September of 1977 the Queensland Government introduced a ban on all street protests, resulting in a state wide civil liberties campaign of defiance.This saw two thousand people arrested and fined, with another hundred being imprisoned, at a cost of almost five million dollars to the State Government Bjelke-Petersen publicly announced on September 4th of 1977 that "The day of the political street march is over...Don't bother to apply for a permit. You won't get one. That's government policy now." The main purposes for the ban appear to have been; 1. To remove a critical forum for mobilizing political pressure from the Anti-nuclear movement in Australia 2. To ensure that shipments of Uranium oxide could continue to be transported from the Mary Kathleen mine to Brisbane and further loaded onto overseas bound vessels without disruption from demonstrators 3. To provide Bjelke-Petersen with a law and order issue for the upcoming state elections. Under the old Traffic Act, if an applicant was refused a permit to march by the issuing authority, they would be able to appeal to the magistrate. . Instead, the new laws sent all appeals to the police commissioner which resulted in appeals not being passed.

Censorship into the 1980's

In the lead up to the 1980's Queensland fell subject to many forms of censorship. In 1977 things had escalated from prosecutions and book burnings, under the introduction of the Literature Board of Review, to the state wide ban on protests and street marches. Despite the banning of marches in Queensland, numbers involved with the QCCL and similar protest groups continued to rise. Although the State Government felt that it was doing the right thing for Queenslanders, the QCCL argued that 'it is precisely these 'mob [protesters]' who got Australia out of the war in Vietnam; who stopped relations with South Africa sport; and are now joining with and broadening the trade union opposition to Fraser's uranium policy.' Since the formation of the QCCL tens of thousands of people got involved in rallies, pickets, and abortive and secret marches for civil liberties in nearly all of Queensland's major cities. This led to over 2000 people being arrested and some 4500 charges being given by police, despite the innumerable amount of protest applications, all but one were denied. This all changed with the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On the 5th of August, 1979, four anti-uranium protest applications were approved, however the Brisbane anti uranium protest application was denied. By 1980' there were significant indications that the march ban had been lifted.

Throughout the late 1970's, more and more publications were banned reaching almost a hundred per year. In 1974 the Queensland Literature Board said that 'the prohibition of this material has nothing to do with the freedom of the individual to read... The pedlar, however, of all this whether he emerges from the lavatory of some gilded lair, must be restrained from using the magnificent services of printing, publication and distribution to present to all of us (and there is none of us immune to these depravities), the degradation of humans taking their sex as animals.' In 1978 the Full Court of Queensland convicted Forum magazine for its use of offensive language and the claims to dispel public ignorance in sexual matters. Strangely enough the very next year when the Australian versions of Penthouse and Playboy hit the stands, the Board did not instantly ban them. It wasn't until 1982 that Australian Playboy was banned. By this stage Queenslanders had begun to question the legitimacy of the board, even going so far as to call it an embarrassment to the state.

Womens Rights

Abortion was a topic which divided and concerned the early QCCL and meant that the many inquiries they received were passed onto Women's clinics. The Council was not pro-life, they were pro-choice.

In 1976, a recommendation was made by the Federal Royal Commission on Human Relationships to support the right for a woman to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. The Councils Abortion Sub-Committee and Dr Janet Irwin presented an Abortion policy to the Council's meeting. Dr Janet Irwin had encountered many cases with in her practice which encouraged her to pursue the abortion issue with the help of the Councils Abortion Sub-Committee. The policy was revised and amended to note that considerations must be given to the foetus as a potential human being, this version was accepted. "The report stated that abortion was a health services that should be provided along with family planning, that a woman was the one best qualified to make the decision for herself about abortion, and that amendment should be made to the Criminal Code to enable abortions to be carried out by a registered medical practitioner or a person acting under the supervision and authority of a registered medical practitioner".

However, as the Government Pregnancy Termination Control Bill contained extensive restrictions and penalties upon abortion, the demonstration against abortion legislation was held in 1980. Women who claimed for their right to make their decision about abortion participated against the Bill for a violation of civil rights and discrimination against women. Members of Children by Choice, an organisation for women who believe they have rights to make a choice to have an abortion, welcomed to have civil libertarians at the demonstration.

The Council worked to prohibit discrimination of women in the workplace on many issues; marital status, pregnancy, breastfeeding and sexual harassment and discrimination. The Federal Discrimination Act of 1984 worked to assist the International Labor Organisations convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination.

Domestic Violence

The issue of domestic violence was addressed some 20 years into the establishment of the QCCL, who held a public meeting on the issue in 1989. The Domestic Violence (Family Protection) Act 1989 aimed to prevent violence between married partners or de factos. The QCCL was concerned about the increase of police powers associated with this Act. The Council made a submission in reference to the increased police powers proposed by the Act, they were concerned about the increase in police powers allowed and use of weapons. A Weapons Bill was introduced in 1990.

QCCL President Terry O'Gorman said "The Weapons Bill struck the correct balance between gun ownership and use on the one hand ... and the crying imperative to do something positive about the unnecessary loss of life which has flowed from the ability of disturbed of violent  to buy a gun today .. and kill a stranger or a loved one tomorrow". The Council has since supported the amendments of The Domestic Violence Act to ban offenders from possessing guns while they were under a Protection Order.

Rights of Prostitutes

The QCCL addresses the issue of sex discrimination and many other issues relative to women's rights in prostitution.

In 1991, The Council made a submission to the Criminal Justice Commission to have prostitution decriminalised on the basis that it was a waste of police resources, the law was hypocritical and to express that a connection existed between the criminalisation of prostitution and police corruption.

Following the submission, the CJC released a report 'Regulating Morality – An Inquiry into Prostitution into Queensland' suggesting a three year trial of the decriminalisation of prostitution and the move to brothels in Queensland. However, the Prostitution Laws Amendment Act 1992 was passed without the inclusion of any of the CJC's recommendations, as the government stated that these recommendations would prove "costly and unworkable."

The Act banned brothels, a prostitute's ability to legally advertise their services and red-light districts which meant that prostitutes were forced to walk the streets to gather work. . Terry O'Gorman stated in his 1992 Presidents Report that the 1992 Act would have negative health consequences on those who worked in the sex industry and an increase in police powers. .

The Councils continued rallying and creating submissions to parliament and discussions with government officials which resulted in the provision of the Prostitution Act 1999. The Act created the State's first legal boutique brothels which could be legally established by a person with no criminal convictions in commercial or industrial areas, have a maximum of five rooms and which could employ two to ten staff. . The 1999 Act proved effective for The Queensland Sex Industry and Terry O'Gorman stated in a interview in 2005 with the ABC, on Tasmania's re-working of the Sex Industry Offences Act,"What the Tasmanian Parliament have got to do is look at other models that have worked well in Australia, particularly the Queensland model, where you've got state approved brothels where prostitution in those circumstances are legal," he said. .

Sexual Rights

In a press release published on 28 October 1989, the QCCL states that a person's sexuality was entirely his or her own business and not the Governments and this view set the tone for the QCCL's involvement in the sexual rights of Queenslanders. In 1976, the Council opposed the Department of Education's decision not to employ a student teacher, despite a contract, due to his sexuality. Their opposition was unsuccessful.In the following years, the Council worked to oppose discriminatory Government action against the gay community. President of the time, Matt Foley found "gaps in the amended Liquor Act which forbid hotel licensees to allow drug dealers, sexual perverts, deviants and child molesters on licensed Premises, but failed to define what a 'deviant' was".

QCCL President at the time Steven Keim campaigned against the harassment of the gay community through letters and by enlisting the help of Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and trade, who wrote a letter to the Queensland Premier, Mike Ahern, urging him to change the laws. The Government refused to comply and as the Council was feeling under pressure, the Gay Law Reform Association formed. The Council supported the work of the Association as a more effective way to campaign. Most recently, the Council have supported gay and lesbian groups in seeking the recognition of single sex relationships. Single sex relationships are recognised in areas such as domestic violence, succession law, and the division of jointly owned property.

Campaigns and Activities in 1982-1986
This was yet another tumultuous period for the QCCL. Another police inquiry was created,The Police complaints Tribunalwas created and the Commonwealth Games were held in 1982 amongst protests campaigning for indigenous rights.

By 1982, it was now clear to the QCCL that none of the 57 Lucas recommendations had been implemented. More claims of corrupt policing surfaced and any police officer who 'whistle blew' on another police officer would soon find their careers destroyed.

The Police Complaints Tribunal

This tribunal was set up in 1982, lasted until 1990 and was yet another inquiry into police corruption. A concerted effort to improve public opinion on accusations of corruption within the police force. The QCCL president at the time, O'Gorman, believed this would be better than the previous inquiry, of "police investigating themselves," although said there would still be the deterrent for persons lodging a complaint as there were limited protections for the complainant against police retaliation.

The Commonwealth Games Act 1982

Street marches were banned during the 1982 Commonwealth Games, allowing police to make arrests to anyone holding a placard or circulating a booklet about any Aboriginal issue near Game venues following by the Government's approval of the Commonwealth Games Act 1982 which would in effect attempt to prevent Aborigines from bringing out Land Right issue during the Games. Queensland police gave permits to only two marches, which was later quoted by Senator Neville Bonner "a great march and the police behaved very well." On 26 September 1982, the day of the Games commenced, nearly 2,000 people marched carrying placards and banners across the Brisbane River and on September 29, the march was reduced by half. Thirty-nine people were arrested at a demonstration on the opening of the Commonwealth Games and few days later, police made arrests of 104 protesters who were charged under the Queensland Government's Commonwealth Games security laws. A further 260 protesters were also arrested within three days of the opening of the Games. However, the demonstration did not stop and continued in Melbourne. Despite the numerous arrests, these protests were considered successful for gaining national and international attention not only about the Indigenous issues but the right to protest peacefully.

Campaigns and Activities in 1987-2001
This era was another turning point for civil rights in Queensland with the end of a controversial Premiers reign and the beginning of The Fitzgerald inquiry. It was also not until 1987 that Terry O’Gorman’s brother Assistant Police Commissioner Frank O’Gorman implemented the reforms recommended by the 1977 Lucas Inquiry.

The Fitzgerald Inquiry

The Fitzgerald Inquiry began in 1987 and Tony Fitzgerald, QC was appointed as its head on the 26th of May of this year.The inquiry was a turning point in the fight for civil rights and the investigation of police misconduct and corruption. The inquiry was ‘sparked’ by the media frequently talking of corruption by police at the highest levels, involving “illegal gambling, prostitution, kickbacks and brown bags.”But it was an episode on Four Corners entitled ‘Moonlight State’ that ignited the inquiry



The inquiries objectives were to view “Five criminal identities and any corrupt links with the police force over the previous five years.”Fitzgerald persuaded the Government to extend the terms of the inquiry to give him the power to investigate any criminal activities and official misconduct by the police. Members of the Council were elated with the inquiry, believing that Fitzgerald was a strong candidate for the role. During the Inquiry, then president of the QCCL Terry O’Gorman cross-examined Joh Bjelke-Petersen.

In 1987 Bjelke Petersen attempted to shut down the inquiry unsuccessfully. It was by now that his party regarded him as a political liability and he was consequently forced to stand down as premier on December 1, 1987. The intention of the Fitzgerald report was to “usher in a bold new age of transparency, innovation and integrity in politics and public sector management."Fitzgerald envisioned a model of transparency in government, just elections,and the non corrupt policing through “the elimination of graft and gratuities;the removal of cronyism, nepotism and bias in public service appointments and decisions; and a scientifically grounded criminal justice system focused on crime prevention and progressive law reform.

In 1987 during the process of the Fitzgerald Inquiry, it had become glaringly clear to the National Party that their leader, Bjelke Petersen was a political liability and he was consequently forced to stand down as Premier on December the 1st.

The inquiry went for 2 years, heard from 339 witnesses and resulted in over 100 recommendations. Many policies of which were recommended by the Council.The report and recommendations of the Fitzgerald Inquiry were released in July, 1989 and what was exposed was evidence that a “corrupt elite were running Queensland – politicians, police and businessmen who were criminally involved in a world of drugs, prostitution and covert deals.” "Tony Fitzgerald didn’t want to be confined to looking just at specific allegations against specific people — he wanted the freedom to look into ‘any other matter or thing appertaining to the aforesaid matters’, and he didn’t want to look only at related matters but at any matter whether it related or not. By the time he was finished looking, two years had passed, the police commissioner had toppled, 30 years of National Party Government was all but over, Queensland was fundamentally altered and Fitzgerald, by giving indemnities in return for evidence, had set a new standard for commissions of inquiry." Post the inquiry there were encouraging reforms that occurred in regards to the legalisation of homosexuality, and a more liberal and regulated approach to gambling. "The Fitzgerald Inquiry, while set up to look at police corruption, left in its wake a trail of embarrassed celebrities, politicians and business identities, judges and other statutory office holders, companies, banks, law firms, valuers and real estate agents."

The Criminal Justice Commission

Operating from 1989 to 2001, The Criminal Justice Commision was a permanent institution designed to assist the implementation of the recommended reforms in the Fitzgerald Inquiry. The Jurisdiction of the CJC is “The Criminal Justice Commission is empowered under the Criminal Justice Act to investigate all cases of alleged or suspected misconduct by members of the Police Service that come to its notice from any source, including information from an anonymous source." The CJC called for the abolishment of The Police Special Branch who held files on individuals who had shown lawful opposition toward government policies, as well as other many other reforms. The QCCL's O’Gorman did not approve of the destruction of these files, until those who the files concerned,i.e. those who participated in anti-government protests, were able to access the files themselves.

In 1990 an incident that the Commission investigated was a licensed function held at the Wandarrah Aboriginal Pre-School Community Centre in Inala in November, 1990, of which the majority of the 200 attendees were of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander or Maori descent.At approximately midnight alcohol no longer was being served and most of the guests took to the streets in protest.When police arrived a violent confrontation erupted between them and the revellers.A total of 20 were arrested and 16 out of the 20 made complaints of police assault, maltreatment and abuse that night. Of the 25 allegations made relating to the incident there was found to be no use of excessive force by police.This is one example of the work the commission performed.

In 1997 police ‘move on’ powers were introduced by the government which effectively gave police the power to 'move people on from,' “prescribed places such as at a shop, sachool, licensed premises, railway station or shopping mall.The CMC states ”police essentially have the power to move people on if they are causing anxiety to another person," yet Terry O'Gorman states “it is a sad fact that in many circumstances certain people will feel threatened by an Aboriginal person, not because of their behaviour but by the very fact that they are Indigenous.” " O’Gorman argues that "the effect of section 47 of the Act is that police officers are asking themselves, "Is this person, by the fact of who they are or what they look like, likely to cause anxiety to others and when making this determination,issues of race, apparel, state of cleanliness and social status are likely to come into play and work against minority groups, such as Indigenous Australians.”

Campaigns and Activities in 2002–2011
Since 2001, the QCCL is still just as relevant as it always has been.It has kept a close watch on the new police corruption commission, The Crime and Misconduct Commission as well as drug driving laws.

The Crime and Misconduct Commission

This was a new Commission,formed in 2001, which is still in existence and their objectives are “to combat major crime,to improve the integrity of the Queensland public sector and reduce the incidence of misconduct in this sector.” Other responsibilities of this commission were to manage a witness protection scheme. The Council are often critical of the CMC and for example in 2010 called for major reforms in the police complaints process after new footage was released of Cameron Doomadgee, a man who died in police custody in 2004 on Palm Island.Terry O'Gorman said the system has failed after the CMC came to the conclusion that the officers being investigated over the incident "were unprofessional and part of a self- protecting police culture" .The Queensland Council for Civil Liberties is linked to the CMC as it is expected in many cases to “assume responsibility for ensuring the CMC review is not rushed or poorly deliberated.” The article says “it is only through such proactive work that the discriminatory nature of this legislation will be sufficiently revealed.

Difficult Rights

Protecting civilian’s privacy has been at the forefront of the Council’s negotiations since their founding. The Council’s job has been made more difficult since the introduction of social media sites and generally platforms for where a persons privacy could be jeopardised.

Also protecting the rights of criminals and in particular, the civil rights of sex offenders is an example of the difficult space the Council works in. In a recent article, following convicted pedophile Dennis Ferguson’s placement in Murgon, the Australian Council for Civil Liberties stated that the government must provide pedophiles some form of protection from community uproar, attacks and generally restricting an individuals civil liberties. The council spoke out in 2009 over the controversial ‘drug driving’ laws being introduced arguing that they breach ones civil liberties and that there will be an extension of police powers that come with this.

In 2010 protesters in opposition to coal-seam gas mining took to the streets of Brisbane and complained of police officers taking unauthorised photos of them and asking for their contact details. QCCL president Michael Cope said at the time "police taking photos was an invasion of privacy and entirely unacceptable" and was similar to the days of Bjelke-Petersens reign when photos were taken of protesters and kept within government files.

On September 13th 2010, QCCL president Michael Cope commented in the Courier Mail on A Brisbane lawyer, Alexander Stewart, posting a YouTube video of himself smoking pages from the bible and Koran. The man appears to be smoking a green 'marijuana' type substance and says of the incident "It's just a f---ing book. Who cares? It's your beliefs that matter. Quite frankly, if you are going to get upset about a book, you're taking life way too seriously." Cope commented "I don't think on the face of it that what he's done is an offence nor do we think it should be". Cope said he did not believe that the anti-discrimination Act had been breached and also that "penalties had been removed from the Criminal Code for blasphemy."

Campaigns and Activities in 2012-present
The council continues to work on many issues to assist in the protection of the civil liberties of all citizens.

In 2012, Terry O’Gorman spoke out against Queensland Premier Campbell Newman’s announcement he will be introducing jail terms for possessing illegal firearms and trafficking weapons

The state government is looking into repealing “Labors Criminal Organisation Act, where associating with members or declared organisations” will be illegal. This has been compared to the laws in which Joh Bjelke-Petersen enacted in his reign and has been described as an “anti association law, rather than an anti-bikie law” therefore affecting ones civil liberties and the QCCL are watching developments closely.

The Council is also looking into the introduction of the body scans or "virtual strip search",as they like to call them, at Australian airports. The Council is concerned about the impact of this equipment on citizens rights to privacy, and has made several submissions to Government on this particular issue.

Presidents
Each President of the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties has dedicated significant time and energy into the survival and success of this council. Individually, they each contributed by carrying out the work of the council, running meetings, raising funds and increasing membership.

The Presidents are as follows:

Jim Kelly 1966-1973:

Lew Wyvill 1973-1975

Derek Fielding 1975-1979

Terry O'Gorman 1979-1985, 1990-1994

In 1979, Terry O'Gorman was elected President of the QCCL. He was president up until 1985 and again held presidency from 1990 to 1994.O'Gorman specialises in criminal law yet Aboriginal Aid is the area in which he commenced his legal career."It was during the days as a university student and under the rule of Joh Bjelke-Petersen that he first became aware of the need to protect civil rights" In 2008 O'Gorman reflected that "civil liberties on the streets have improved, but the battle has moved to a 'law and order auction' being played out in the media, which used to be centred around the political cycle but now appears to be a permanent fixture."

Matt Foley 1985-1987

Stephen Keim 1987-1990

Ian Dearden 1994-2005

Michael Cope 2005- Present