User:SStevens97/sandbox/Taymouth Hours

The Taymouth Hours (Yates Thompson MS 13) is an illuminated Book of Hours produced in England in about 1325–35. It is named after Taymouth Castle where it was kept after being acquired by an earl of Breadalbane in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. The manuscript's calling number originates from its previous owner, Henry Yates Thompson, who curated an extensive collection of illuminated medieval manuscripts which he sold or donated posthumously to the British Library. The Taymouth Hours is now held by the British Library Department of Manuscripts in the Yates Thompson collection.

Most pages have a bas-de-page illustration, often accompanied by a caption in Anglo-Norman French or Latin. A few have bilingual captions that include Middle English. During this period in Medieval England, Anglo-Norman would have been the language most commonly spoken by affluent and royal families. The illustrations include both sacred and secular scenes. Picture-narratives of the stories of Bevis of Hampton (ff. 8v–12) and Guy of Warwick (ff. 12v–17) appear at the beginning of the text, while below the Matins of the Hours of the Virgin (ff. 60v–67v) are fifteen scenes depicting a tale of a damsel captured by a wild man.

Patrons
There have been numerous attempts to identify the book's patron. It has been speculated that the original patron was Isabella of France, wife of Edward II, or potentially one of their daughters, Eleanor of Woodstock or Joan of the Tower. Other theories include Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III, son of Isabella and Edward II. Illustrations of a crowned woman are featured on four different pages of the book (ff. 7r, 18r, 139r, and 188v), serving as the initial indication of a royal patron or recipient. The quality of illustrations and impressive materials such as gold leaf also point to an aristocratic patronage. The Taymouth Hours is one of two English books of hours made between 1240 and 1350 with links to royal patronage; thus it exemplifies a higher level of craftsmanship compared to other books of hours assumed to have been owned by affluent, secular individuals. Edward II was king of England from 1307 to 1327, and since the Taymouth Hours are assumed to have been produced between 1325 and 1335 at the latest, it is likely that the book would have stayed in the royal family's possession. The most puzzling piece of the question of patronage is the inclusion of an illustration that depicts a royal woman standing with two consorts, one of whom wears a crown as well.

Isabella of France
Previous scholarship has traditionally indicated Isabella of France as the patron due, in part, to her extensive history as a patron of various other illuminated manuscripts. The proposed dating of the book falls within Isabella's reign as Queen of England.

Philippa of Hainault
Kathryn Smith makes the case that Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III, was the patron of the Taymouth Hours, instead. She argues that Philippa commissioned the book not for herself, but to give to her sister-in-law, Eleanor of Woodstock. Eleanor, at the time, had married Reginald II of Guelders, and was living away from England in the Netherlands. This hypothesis comes from Smith's analysis of Philippa's relationship to Eleanor prior to her marriage to Reginald. Philippa had been Eleanor's guardian since 1328. Eleanor's marriage had been arranged by her brother, Edward III, in an effort to advance his political connections to the Netherlands, and the union was also aided by Philippa's father, the Count of Hainault, who had extensive connections to Reginald. Eleanor and Reginald were wed in 1332.

One of Smith's main sources is a recorded entry from Philippa's Wardrobe Book of the Household dated in the year 1331, which shows a record of a payment to the artist Richard of Oxford. In this entry, Philippa takes note of her commission of two Books of Hours. Smith proposes that the Taymouth Hours might have been one of these books, and that this dated entry supports the theory that Philippa would have commissioned the Taymouth Hours to be given to Eleanor as a wedding present the following year.

Purpose
Books of hours were Christian devotional collections, usually containing psalms, prayers, and illustrations. They resembled Psalters in form and function, but were condensed and personalized. The purpose of these books were to provide private owners with prayer materials, which could be read and recited during certain times of the day, month, season, and liturgical year. Many of the patrons of books of hours held secular positions in society, and therefore had a need for individual prayer books to practice their faith at home. As is the case of the Taymouth Hours, books of hours were customized to fit the aesthetic desires of the patron. English books of hours have also been referred to by the term 'primers', taken from the Middle English word for books of hours. This second name is exclusive to books of hours made in England, and has been exemplified in examples of books of hours, simpler, less ornate prayer collections, and children's religious literature.

Typical of many other book of hours of the time period, the Taymouth hours contains a calendar, illustrations of the zodiac, the Latin offices, the Penitential Psalms, Gradual Psalms, the Litany of Saints, and the Office of the Dead.

Illustrations
The pages of the book exemplify bas-de-page illustrations, meaning that the visual work is positioned at the bottom of the page and below a block of text. 384 illustration scenes are featured in the lower margin of the book. Kathryn Smith identifies the manuscript's use of a frame border made out of marginal illustrations as a technique that creates an overall style. This illustrated boarder completely surrounds the text. The beginnings of the various devotional texts are presented to the reader by display pages with miniature marginal illustrations.

Marginal scenes with religious prayer text written in Anglo-Norman make up the body of secular illustrations in the Taymouth Hours. The story of Bevis of Hampton, the protagonist of an English verse romance tale, is transposed visually on the folio pages 8v to 12. Written in 1300, the tale of Bevis of Hampton was a popular Matter of England romance that has stood the test of time and is the only English verse romance that never had to be rediscovered. Another Matter of England romance character seen on folio pages 12v to 17 is Guy of Warwick, a figure who takes on a similar literary role such as Bevis of Hampton. Both secular poems were extremely popular at the proposed time of construction of the Taymouth Hours, and have appeared in other manuscripts up until the early 16th century. Kathryn Smith points to the inclusion of these popular Matter of England characters in the manuscript as further evidence to indicate Eleanor of Woodstock as the book's recipient because Guy of Warwick and Bevis of Hampton were quintessentially English in their characterization and would have reminded Eleanor of her home while abroad.