User:Sacakwnts/SalazarViniegraBiblio

Sources - Summaries

 * https://www.vice.com/es/article/3b97n8/estigma-y-prohibicion-breve-historia-de-la-mariguana-en-mexico
 * 1938 Doctor publishes article, El mito de la marihuana: his takeways/points made - consumption of the herb does not generate thoughtlessness, criminal impulses.
 * Thought the penalties found in mexican law against smoking were excessive and unjustified
 * in 1940 Mexico under the government of Lazaro Cardenas and based on the recommendations of Dr. Salazar Viniegra, drugs were legal for almost 5 months.
 * "autoridades sanitarias" established a dispensary in the Juarez neighborhood in the capital, where people could receive their dose of heroin, morphine, cocaine, and weed.
 * (were there other dispensaries in the country or just in the captial?)
 * North American influence put an end to the legalization. By 1947 it was decreed that substances would be controlled by "procuraduria general de la republica," crimes against public health were punoshed more severely
 * https://chacruna-la.org/el-psiquiatra-que-lucho-contra-los-cuerdos-para-despenalizar-las-drogas/
 * Today recognized as a pioneer in the legalization of drugs for his thoughts based on scientific studies on the effects of marijuana and other substances.
 * doctor, teacher, journalist, humanist, free spirit, witty and a bit eccentric
 * a visionary in his psychiatric field in his days
 * Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, born in the winter of 1897 in Pánuco de Coronado, Durango
 * Parents: Leopoldo Salazar Salinas y Aurora Viniegra de Salazar
 * University studies: Started at UNAM and finished at la Facultad de Medicina de San Carlos en Madrid (hoy Universidad Complutense. during the war he left to france and specialized in psychiatry at the Facultad de Medicina de París
 * returned to mexico in 1925, and started working as a doctor at the psychiatric facility known as La Castañeda General Asylum for more than 20 years, later as director from 1945-1948. His work was primarily in the departments of Neurosífilis, Tranquilos, Alienados and especially renown for his contributions in the Hospital Federal de Toxicómanos.
 * the facility was locate din Mixcoac, in Mexico City, he was known for his compassionate, personable, friendly (find another word for humanista) treatment of the patients, saw them as humans and people to befriend, eat with, talk to, - regarded as extravagant or demented bc of his cordial behavior with patients
 * Also a professor at the Facultad de Medicina starting in 1927, taught courses on medical clinic, Neuropsychiatry
 * known as a brilliant and clear orator, unorthodox professor who didn't believe in grades and left it up to his students to grade themselves
 * Had his private practice, also founded the first clinic to treat epilepsy in Mexico, was in charge of the psychiatric department in the Clinica Londres
 * The mexican representative to the Opium Convention held in Genenva in 1939 for his accomplishments in toxicomanias and alcoholism. Mexican stance contrary to the US' - against the criminalization of toxicomanos and the stigmas on the effects of Marijuana based on morals rather than scientifics basis. The convention was interrupted by WW2 and never held.
 * held other important roles like Chief of the Office of Toxicomnias  y Alcoholism, belonged to the society of neurology and psychiatry, the Advisory board of Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene(well-being?) translation need, and the National Academy of Medicine in Mexico.
 * Also a writer - published frequently during his college years in college magazines
 * throughout his career he published several opinion pieces in newspapers like, El Universal, El Nacional, and Excelsior focusing on stories like the imprtance of music in manicomios, the difference between Opium and alcohol, syphilis, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, and even national and international politicis. His publications could be controversial sparking public debates. In March 1938, he published a public letter to Lola La Chata, one of the most famous drug traffickers of the time that operated in the neighborhood La Merced.
 * He also published in well known academic journals like Gaceta Medica de Mexico, the journal Manicomios, the journal of the Society of Neurology and Psychiatry of Mexico and Criminalia a publication of the Academia en Ciencias Penales. (How to translate or keep original names?)
 * Founded in 1951 with the help of an interdisciplniary team the Centro Psicopedagogico de orientacion, "the house without bars" - a school for "problem" children and youth. Their motto, "intelligence and love." purpose to mitigated the excess of scholarly discipline and celebrate liberty, respecting students personalities, stayed for 6 years until his death
 * El mito de la marihuana
 * Salazar's greatest contributions were in the medical sciences, especially psychhiatry, his work with mental health, alcohol, and psychoactive substances
 * well known for his work to destigmatize cannabis, focusing on the possible application of the plant to treat maladies such as anxiety, asthma, some forms of rheumatism.through multiple experiements he questioned the basis of prejudices held against the cannabis such as insanity, delirium, hallucinations, and criminality as being unfounded.
 * He studied other substances like alcoholl, barbiturates, amphetamines, opium, and the analgesic properties derived from the poppy flower. He differentiated between consuming cannabis and the opium depdencies he would see in patients.
 * the doc believed that drugs should studied and understood from a scientific perseoctive and a baiss, and from that foundation move forward to take advantage of its possibllities or dispel the myths and legends that built around them. He was concerned that
 * Solution to drug addiction
 * In the 1930's and 1940's, there was a great deabate developing when it cam e to the concerns of how to handle the consumption and distribution of drugs. The studies of the doc were fundamental in the public deiscussions during the Cardenista period. his studies and invovlement in theese discussions were so fundamental that in 1938 he was referenced in newspaper article, as "the man with the solution to the drug addiction prblem in his hands"
 * advoacted for psycho active drugs to be discussed from a public health perspective, where consumers would be treated like patients rather than criminals.
 * Advocated for policies to be based on current scientific knowledge rather than prejudice, morals, and much less economic or political intersts.
 * Never had the role of head of the public health department, contrary to recent newspaper publications. His role in the policies regarding the regulation of drugs in 1940 were strictly intellectual influence. !!!!!!!!
 * the docs investigations served as the foundation for the Reglamento Federal de Toxicomanias, enacted during the government of Lazaro Cardenas which did the following:
 * legalized substances, attempted to guarantee medical attention to drug addicts/users, and for proper health authorities and authorized doctors to lead the presciption and distrubition of the substances. ALL done with the intention of taking away power from the drug traffickers.
 * Unfortunately, the potential success or impact of said regulations was not able to be measured or studied due to economic and poilitical pressure from the United States governments to suspend the regulations.
 * He was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, led by harry Anslinger, who maintained communication with the doctor. Tried discredit the doc's scientific students and investigations, arguing his experiements violated international laws.
 * Doc died in 1957 in Mexico City


 * https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/sociedad/recuerdan-medico-mexicano-que-desmitifico-efectos-de-marihuana 
 * Luis Astorga, a researcher with UNAM, states that the doc was a pioneer who proposed progressvie drug policies 80's years ago in mexico, many of which are now taking effect in many countries
 * ExpoWeed 2017 held a tribute to the doc, and Astorga was a speaker at the event
 * specialized studying the effects of marijuana, Countries such as colombia and uruguay there are experts that are accepting referencing the doc's studies
 * During the Lazaro Cardenas adminsitration, the doc influenced the teratment of drug addicts as ill patients, not criminals. He was an adovocate for treating drug addiction as a problem of public health.
 * Popular publication of the doc, 1936, El mito de la marihuana
 * in 1940, the doc's recomendation influenced, served as the foundation of the new law governing durgs, caused UNited States authorities to demand the repeal of said law, and the passing of a new law that would criminalize and prohibit the consumption and sale of marijuana.
 * A mexican delegation went to Washington, washingston said get rid of that law, you're wrong mexico, and threatened to enact an embargo on medicines, if Mexico didn't get rid of the law
 * https://www.animalpolitico.com/analisis/organizaciones/el-dispensario-dialogo-sobre-drogas/salazar-viniegra-y-las-relaciones-perversas-del-control-de-drogas
 * The control of psychoactive substances were governed by tthe department of Public Health.
 * The doc observed the political and economic interested interlaced with the prohibition of substances, the corruption of the police and governement officials in charge of executing the the public health laws, and the power of drug traffickers, specifically Lola La Chata
 * the doc treated drug abuse as an issue of mental health and not one of public secuirty. Also an advocate for the humane treatment of mentally unstable patients, and a pioneer of national studies in the neurological sciences.
 * led many studies on the effects of marijuanas
 * Harry Anslinger and teh Treasurey department started a campaign to discredit the docs studies and findings on an international level with doctors and diplomats from different countries.
 * 1940, for 5 months, the state established dispensaries that would provide substances to drug users. US interceded and forced the end of the prgram and the law, mexico then took up an anti-drug stancine, making it an issue of public secuirty rather than public health and criminalizing drug use.
 * Focused his final years studying mental health illnesses, funded the institution for troubled youth, and committed suicide after investigations into the economic administration of the center proved irregular.
 * https://diario.mx/Nacional/2013-05-05_8f431afb/conspiro-eu-contra-doctor-mexicano-que-abogaba-por-legalizar-la-mariguana/
 * Details US involvement in the discrediting of the doc
 * an researcher obtained access to records from the US National Archives, and discovered a dossier on the Doc with his name, and about 100 documents from several government entities: United States Embassy, State Department, FBI, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and Treasurey department all about the activities of Dr. Salazar - of great interest to Washington.
 * Doc known for giving others cigarettes mixed with weed, a messenge from DC to an agent warns to not accept any cigareetes from the doc for fear of it having weed
 * A letter was sent from the US embassy in mexico to the Secrecretay of State, Cordell Hull infomrain of the the doc's dangerous theories and ideas in october 21 1938
 * Received a visit from an American government representative to the La Castaneda, to investigate the reports/news that he was holding experiements and having patients smoke weed, the visitor was by the name of Norman L. Christensen, (viceconsul de Estados Unidos de Mexico)
 * High tension happens when Viniegra foes to Geneva for the 24th meeting of the Committee on the Traficking of OPium and other DangerousSubstances hosted byt the League of Nations, to be held in June of 1939. The doc was supposed to sepeak and present on his findings and theories concerning that marijuana should be accepted by humanity.
 * Anslinger carreid out a campaing to discredit the doc with the international community. Distributing articles and socuments doing precisley that.
 * Right before the Conference was slsated to happen, the doc was invited to the US Embassy in Geneva to meet with US represenatives on May 27th of 1939. For an unknown reason, the doc left Geneva and did get to present his findings and purposes behind the drug laws in the works in Mexico.
 * Months later, the doc would renounce his role and Mexico would repeal the drug law of 1940, and take a Prohibitionist stance on weed and substances in general.
 * https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/time-when-drugs-were-legal-mexico
 * Government opening clinics
 * the doc treating addition as diseases, illness
 * born in Durange in 1897, and moved to the capital to study medicine
 * Mexico City General Asylum, known as La Castaneda,
 * doc was friendly, and k ind to the paitents, eating with them, and calling them friends
 * Consumption of marijuana not related to insanity/madness or ocriminlaity
 * The Myth of Marijuana, published in the Criminalia magazine of Decemeber 1938
 * Reproduced controlled experiements with the consent of his patient to dispell the findings associating MJ with madness or violent behavior
 * Lazaro Cardenas issued a Federal Ruling to Fright Drug Addicition and Trafficking published on the Federal Official Gazette on February 17, 1940.
 * Goes into details about the rehabilitiation program, special budget for clinics offereing the services,
 * Around 200 people attended each day to receive their dose of preferred substance
 * Announced the end of the program in the Federal Offical Gazette on July 3, 1940, attributetd the closing to a lack of resources and inability to purchase drugs from Europe due to WW2
 * http://nuestraaparenterendicion.com/index.php/blogs-nar/weary-bystanders/item/715-el-gur%C3%BA-de-la-legalizaci%C3%B3n-de-las-drogas
 * Prohibitions and Psychoactive Substances in History, Culture and Theory: Prohibitions and Psychoactive Substances, editor Susannah Wilson, publisher Routledge, 2019, ISBN 100001195X, 9781000011951
 * Ch. 6, The dialectics of Dope: Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, the myth of Marijuana and Mexico's state drug monopoly, Benjamin T.Smith
 * Avaliable at UCI, Available Law Library Stacks (1st floor) ; K5282 .P76 2019
 * https://toxicomania.com/bio.php

Sources to check out later

 * Luis Astorga tuvo acceso a los documentos muchos años antes. Publicó una extensa crónica sobre Sánchez Viniegra y la política antinarcóticos de Estados Unidos en México en su libro El siglo de las drogas, editorial Espasa. 1991.
 * Source to check out later.
 * Luis Astorga, Drogas sin fronteras, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, México, 2015
 * Source to check out later.
 * Prohibitions and Psychoactive Substances in History, Culture and Theory: Prohibitions and Psychoactive Substances, editor Susannah Wilson, publisher Routledge, 2019, ISBN 100001195X, 9781000011951
 * Ch. 6, The dialectics of Dope: Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, the myth of Marijuana and Mexico's state drug monopoly, Benjamin T.Smith
 * Avaliable at UCI, Available Law Library Stacks (1st floor) ; K5282 .P76 2019
 * Need to access it... somehow.
 * A chapter on Viniegra published in academic publication.
 * Source to check out later if possible.
 * Ricardo, Pérez Montfort, Tolerancia y prohibición: aproximaciones a la historia social y cultural de las drogas en México 1840-1940, Colección Debate, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, México, 2016
 * Source to check out later if possible.
 *  https://toxicomania.com/bio.php 
 * Podcast, source of inspiration and sources

Outline

 * Led as director from 1945 - 1948
 * Also a professor at the Facultad de Medicina starting in 1927, taught courses on medical clinic, Neuropsychiatry
 * Had his private practice, also founded the first clinic to treat epilepsy in Mexico, was in charge of the psychiatric department in the Clinica Londres
 * known for his contributions while at the Hospital Federal de Toxicomanos surrounding substance abuse
 * Also a writer - published frequently during his college years in college magazines
 * Also a writer - published frequently during his college years in college magazines
 * held other important roles like Chief of the Office of Toxicomnias  y Alcoholism, belonged to the society of neurology and psychiatry, the Advisory board of Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene(well-being?) translation need, and the National Academy of Medicine in Mexico.
 * throughout his career he published several opinion pieces in newspapers like, El Universal, El Nacional, and Excelsior focusing on stories like the importance of music in manicomios, the difference between Opium and alcohol, syphilis, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, and even national and international politics. His publications could be controversial sparking public debates. In March 1938, he published a public letter to Lola La Chata, one of the most famous drug traffickers of the time that operated in the neighborhood La Merced.
 * He also published in well known academic journals like Gaceta Medica de Mexico, the journal Manicomios, the journal of the Society of Neurology and Psychiatry of Mexico and Criminalia a publication of the Academia en Ciencias Penales. (How to translate or keep original names?)
 * Known to eat lunch with the patients and befriend them. looked down at by other conservative colleagues


 * advocacy for legalization of substance, treating addicition as a disease not a crime
 * Salazar's greatest contributions were in the medical sciences, especially psychhiatry, his work with mental health, alcohol, and psychoactive substances

El mito de la marihuana

 * published a long scientific study about the effects of the marihuana in the magazine Criminalia in 1938.
 * Reproduced controlled experiements with the consent of his patient to dispell the findings associating MJ with madness or violent behavior
 * focused on the possible application of the plant to treat maladies such as anxiety, asthma, some forms of rheumatism.through multiple experiments he questioned the basis of prejudices held against the cannabis such as insanity, delirium, hallucinations, and criminality as being unfounded.
 * Although some sources state e was the director of the department of public health, that is not founded on any sources. Viniegra's studies and written work heavily influenced the development of the Federal declaration from an intellectual perspective
 * believed in the humane treatment of those suffering from mental illness, and regarded addiction as an illness/a disease not a crime., known as the man with the solution to drug addiction in his hands by a local newspaper
 * believed that by placing the prescriptions and distribution of drug substances, that medical professionals could better treat addiction, and run the drug traffickers out of business.
 * Considered peddling and smuggling as part of a growing crises
 * Wrote a public letter to the La Chata, a well known drug trafficker at the time who was based out of La Merced neighborhood. [explain more about this letter and what he said in it]

Federal Ruling to Fight Drug Addicition and Trafficking of 1940

 * published on the Federal Official Gazette on February 17, 1940.
 * created a special budget for clinics to open up and treat patients in order to prescirbe and administer controlled doses of safe quality. Patients had to provide personal information and register, Clinics opened up in Mexico City ni the Juarez neighborhood. While it was running, news sources of the day estimated around 200 people attended the clinics.
 * Announced the end of the program in the Federal Offical Gazette on July 3, 1940, attributetd the closing to a lack of resources and inability to purchase drugs from Europe due to WW2, in addition to american presuures to repeal said law.

Washington involvement

 * Harry Anslinger, Bureau of Narcotics from teh Treasurey Dept.
 * leads the cmapaign to discredit him in Geneva before the conferemce
 * Viniegra doesn't end up speaking, and leaves before the convention starts
 * Delegation of mexicans go to Washington, and under threats economic and political threats of embargos, the mexican gov takes a prohbitionist stance. Dr. Viniegra is discredited
 * Investigated by all sorts of gov departments

Later life and death

 * Continued his practice as a doctor, director of la castaneda, founded the place for youth


 * Focused his final years studying mental health illnesses, funded the institution for troubled youth, and committed suicide after investigations into the economic administration of the center proved irregular.

Article draft
QUESTION: how to properly translate names of institutions and publications in spanish to english?

QUESTION: what is the correct translation of "toxicómanos" ?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Editing_Wikipedia_Articles_Biographies.pdf

REMEMBER, it's all about telling a good story... and inline citations to RS :D


 * 1) Don't forget to go back and double check the names of institutions
 * 2) Where to add that he himself smoked weed,
 * 3) Term to use Prohibionist'
 * 4) Oficina de Toxicomanias y Alcoholismo, Chief of Alcohol and Narcotics Service of the Department of Health

=References=