User:Samandeepkaur002/Disability

Introduction:-
A disability is a medical condition that makes it difficult for a person to participate in specific activities or to equally access opportunities. It covers a broad spectrum of disabilities, such as limits related to the body, mind, senses, and social interactions. The World Health Organization and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 both offer definitions that emphasize how disabilities affect day-to-day functioning and how crucial it is to address them in healthcare and education. Disability is not just an individual problem; social obstacles and environmental variables also play a role. The social model of disability highlights that rather than putting the onus on individuals to adjust to situations that are inaccessible, society has a duty to eliminate obstacles for persons with disabilities. Promoting disability inclusion, ensuring fair access to healthcare services, and addressing the disparities in health that affect people with disabilities are critical.

Main Body:

 * medical model of disability: According to the medical model of disability, an individual's physical or mental impairment results in their incapacity. From this angle, an individual is deemed disabled if they suffer from a condition that restricts their capacity to carry out particular jobs or activities. In order to return the patient to a condition of "normal" functioning, this paradigm concentrates on diagnosing and treating the impairment.
 * Social model of disability: In contrast, the social model of disability views impairment as the outcome of societal attitudes and barriers that prevent an individual from fully engaging in all facets of life. This strategy places a strong emphasis on the need to take down these obstacles and support equal access and opportunity for those with disabilities. The social model emphasizes how important environmental elements are in determining how people with disabilities experience life, including inaccessible structures, a dearth of assistive equipment, and unfavorable attitudes.
 * Intersectionality and disability: A theoretical paradigm known as intersectionality acknowledges the connections between social categories like race, gender, class, and disability. It highlights the possibility of people encountering several types of oppression and disadvantage at the same time, resulting in diverse and intricate experiences of disability. Because of the overlap of these identities, a person with a disability who also happens to be a member of a marginalized racial or ethnic group could encounter additional obstacles and difficulties. A vivid description would be a black homosexual person and a white heterosexual person in the same workspace with a disability may each face a different form of discrimination or unseen prejudice because of their distinct identities. Which I could link to the concept of The urgency of intersectionality which argues that the public has no frame of or point of view, in this case with someone who has a disability.
 * Activity limitation: An activity limitation refers to a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action. This can be due to various factors, such as physical, cognitive, or sensory impairments, as well as environmental barriers.


 * Inclusion: Inclusion refers to the practice of ensuring that people with disabilities are fully integrated and valued members of society. This involves removing barriers and providing supports that enable them to participate equally and fully in all aspects of life. It also involves changing attitudes and behaviors towards people with disabilities to promote respect, dignity, and equality.
 * Collective Action: Collective action is the necessary principles and actions a community or person takes which is solely aimed at achieving positive goals. This right here is a great example of a collective action. There was a time in North America were disability advocates gained a voice and societal positions from the civil rights movement back in the 1960s, as a group of disabled students at the University of California at Berkeley organized to promote the rights of disabled persons and improve their quality of life (Rosenthal 2013). For years to come people with disabilities have been segregated and oppressed but they have also shown a great amount of support within themselves and outside their community. They have been able to organize, come together as a community and create a safe space for themselves where their voices can be heard.

References:
Oliver M. The politics of disablement. London (UK): Macmillan; 1990.

Goering S. Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease. Cur Rev Musculoskeletal Med. 2015;8(2):134-138. doi:10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z

Mair's N. Waist-high in the world: a life among the nondisabled. Boston: Beacon; 1996.

Howard J, Lopez Franco E, Shaw J. Navigating the pathways from to accountability: from understanding intersecting inequalities to building accountable relationships. Brighton, UK: IDS; (2018).

Aaron, R. (1971). John Locke (3rd ed). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “The Urgency of Intersectionality.” TEDWomen, TED. 27 October 2016, San Francisco, US. Speech.

MacDonald, J. E. (2018). (dis)ABILITY RIGHTS: A Forgotten Claim. Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne de Service Social, 35(1), 157–166.

MacDonald, J., Cooper, S., & Myers, M. (2020). “Nothing About Us Without Us”: (dis)Ability Community Development in Nova Scotia. In S. Todd & S. Savard (Eds.), Canadian Perspectives on Community Development (pp. 301–320). University of Ottawa Press.